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Genetická struktura mediteránních populací kaloně Rousettus aegyptiacus
Marešová, Tereza ; Hulva, Pavel (advisor) ; Bryja, Josef (referee)
5 Abstract The genus Rousettus represents the only fruit bat genus distributed both in Asia and Africa reaching northern distributional limits of the Pteropodidae family. This unusual distribution pattern is related to the ability of echolocation, subsequent cave dwelling and probably other thermoregulatory and behavioural adaptations to relatively cold and dry climate. Methods for identification of genetically discrete populations were used in the presented study to acquire better comprehension of historical ways of colonization along with current dispersal and migratory patterns of the Egyptian fruit bat (Rousettus aegyptiacus) in the Mediterranean basin and adjacent range patches. Modern approaches to population and landscape genetics were applied on a dataset comprising 553 individuals from 72 localities using 20 nuclear microsatellites. Our results revealed a significant genetic distance of East African individuals and certain substructure in the northern part of the range. Cypriot population is clearly separated, and - for higher K - the isolation of colonies from Egyptian oases is highly supported. Genetic proximity of south Arabian and Sinai populations contradict current taxonomy of the species. Our findings highlight the role of seas and deserts as barriers restricting gene flow and the evolution...
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Genetic consequences of bottlenecks and population admixture in Eurasian beaver (Castor fiber)
Náhlovský, Jan ; Munclinger, Pavel (advisor) ; Hulva, Pavel (referee)
In the last few centuries beavers passed through dramatic declining of the population size followed by expansion supported by reintroductions. The genetical variability is much decreased due to this bottleneck. Current beavers possess 31 known recent mitochondrial haplotypes, among which some were described independently several times. The haplotypes form two clusters, which serve as a base for dividing beaver populations into the west and east ESU. While microsatellite loci show moderate variability, the diversity of Y chromosome loci is very low. There are only ten described alleles of the DRB second exon, which belong to the MHC loci. No mitochondrial haplotype or MHC allele is shared between relict populations. This is not noticeable in samples from the time before the bottleneck. Described subspecies are therefore only the artefact of the recent bottleneck. Newly established populations comprise in many cases beavers of various origin and are more or less admixed. It seems, that the admixed populations have higher viability and conversely in some relict populations it is possible to find the evidence of the inbreeding depression. Thus, for reintroductions it is advantageous to use individuals from several source relict populations or to use beavers from admixed populations. Several species passed...
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Population structure of the gray wolf (Canis lupus)
Říhová, Jana ; Hulva, Pavel (advisor) ; Pivnička, Karel (referee)
Gray wolf (Canis lupus), is historicaly the most widespread carnivore with the former range including most of the northern hemisphere. The ambivalent relationship of humans to this predator resulted in extermination of this species in many areas, on the other hand led to the evolution of the dog, unique domesticant with vast phenotypic variation. The effort of conservation biology in last decades resulted in the shift of perception the role of big carnivores in ecosystems, with consequent recolonization of many regions by wolf, including the Czech republic. This changes brings the elevation of interest in this taxon by both experts and laymans. Present review aims to assemble published information regarding distribution, phylogeography, population structure, social and spatial behaviour of the gray wolf. The chapters describing the domestication process of the dog and hybridization with his wild ancestor are included.
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Abundance of and threats to the snow leopard in various regions of its occurrence
Valentová, Kamila ; Kindlmann, Pavel (advisor) ; Hulva, Pavel (referee)
Snow leopard (Panthera uncia) is an endangered species and its population size is steadily declining. This thesis attempts to introduce and analyse the main factors threating its survival with reference to each country of its occurrence: China, Bhutan, Nepal, Pakistan, Afghanistan, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, Kazakhstan, Russia and Mongolia. To conserve the remaining snow leopard populations, it is necessary to detect its distribution in various areas. Here, recent data about its worldwide distribution are presented. Snow leopard has a very secretive lifestyle, which makes estimation of its abundance quite difficult. Therefore, I also present here an overview of methods, such as sign survey, capture-recapture, predator:prey biomass ratios, photo-capture rate and genetic analyses, used for estimation of abundance of snow leopard with reference to conducted studies. I discuss their advantages and disadvantages under different conditions. Key words: snow leopard, abundance, threats, worldwide distribution, conservation
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Diversity, distribution and genetic structure of the tribe Pipistrellini
Eliášová, Kristýna ; Hulva, Pavel (advisor) ; Fornůsková, Alena (referee)
This literature review discusses phylogenetic relationships within the family Vespertilionidae with a detailed focus on tribus Pipistrellini relations and then the individual genera and species within this tribe. A historical summary of efforts to resolve the phylogenetic relationships within the taxon first on the basis of morphological studies, comparison of karyotype and most recently on the basis of genetic markers. Mitochondrial genetic markers are useful in studying phylogeography, as this paper shows on the example of the Pipistrellus species complex and on species Nyctalus azoreum, Nyctalus leisleri, Nyctalus noctula and Pipistrellus abramus. Furthermore, this work describes the current distribution of individual taxa of tribe, the fossil record and migration behavior of European temperate species in the context of their population structure (also studied in some species using mtDNA and microsatellites) and Annex shows the areas extending all five genera Pipistrellini tribe. Key words: Pipistrellini, phylogenenetics, phylogeography, distribution, population structure
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Evolutionary history of hedgehogs from genus>Erinaceus
Černá Bolfíková, Barbora ; Hulva, Pavel (advisor) ; Janko, Karel (referee) ; Kryštufek, Boris (referee)
Hedgehogs from the genus Erinaceus are extremely interesting and suitable model organisms for studying impacts of climatic changes during Pleistocene on species and speciation processes. Erinaceus europaeus and E. roumanicus, which have diverged in southern refugia, formed a secondary contact zone in Central Europe. The widest part of this zone is situated in Czech Republic. Our work benefits from this position and processes that take place here such as reinforcement, character displacement and hybridization are discussed. Moreover, we addressed several questions about biological invasions and topics connected to peripatric processes. Using combination of nuclear and mitochondrial DNA we detected differences in population structure between the species and also between sexes. E roumanicus is mainly restricted to lowlands. Ranges of both species expand and hybridization may play role during formation of reproductive isolation. We did not observed ecological character displacement when using 3D geometric morphometry approaches. Populations in sympatry are more similar than in allopatry. Our data are enhanced by description of parasite fauna of sympatrical populations and we discuss the role which they may play in evolution of the hedgehogs. Study proceeded in New Zealand was based on comparison of...
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Genomic approach in speciation studies
Habalová, Kateřina ; Hulva, Pavel (advisor) ; Mikulíček, Peter (referee)
Speciation, adaptation and hybridization are three concepts, each one referring to different process but having a common evolutionary context. Maternal line splits into two sister lines or only one line cleaves from maternal one during speciation. However it leads to formation of new species. Adaptation and hybridization can lead to formation of new species as well. New species arise by adapting to new conditions during adaptation. Within hybridization it is a desecendant of two different lines mating amongst themselves. Most of this thesis is being addressed to these issues, the lesser part is addressed to specific examples. The chapter about next-generation sequencing methods is also included, as these methods have been used more frequently recently. Key words: speciation, adaptation, hybridization, genomics, next-generation sequencing
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Distribution of wildcat (Felis silvestris) in Czech Republic / geomatic modelling and ecological approach
Pospíšková, Jana ; Hulva, Pavel (advisor) ; Anděra, Miloš (referee)
Population of the European wildcat (Felis silvestris) are slowly recovering after a severe decline in the 18th century. The wildcat was a rare species already on the beginning of 19th century on the territory of Czech Republic. During the 20th century the species was considered to be extinct and the scarce records to be individuals dispersed from Carpathian or West-European population. Furthermore there was lack of evidence to this observations. With the expansion of photo monitoring methods, there comes pictures of wildcats from the Beskid Mountains, Bohemian Forest, The upper Palatine Forest and Doupov mountains. After more than 60 years there is finely a proof for the presence of wildcats in Czech Republic. To understand its space requirements and dispersion context, and to know if there is a place for wildcats to live in Czech Republic, we made a habitat model in ArcGIS. This rule-based model works with attributes like land cover type, duration of snow cover, aspect and the vertical heterogeneity of terrain. The model was applied also for Slovakia, because the evaluation data only comes from Slovakia. We found out that the occurence of wildcats in the model territory relate to broad-leaf forests, duration of snow cover (>20cm) not exceeding 50 days and the southern exposure. In Czech Republic there is...
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