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Daniel Gile's effort model in simultaneous interpreting
Tauchmanová, Jana ; Rejšková, Jana (advisor) ; Čeňková, Ivana (referee)
6 Summary Simultaneous interpreting is a very complex cognitive process. Daniel Gile's Effort Model is an attempt to describe in a schematic way the various competing processes that simultaneous interpreting is composed of. The model is based on findings from cognitive psychology, especially those relating to working memory and the limited processing capacity of the human mind. It defines the process of simultaneous interpreting as a combination of three individual, yet coinciding efforts (the Listening and Analysis Effort, the Production Effort, the Memory Effort), which require a certain amount of processing capacity to assure quality interpreting performance. Problem triggers can cause saturation of the interpreter's processing capacity to occur. Saturation manifests itself either by failure sequences or by the deterioration of the interpreter's performance, immediately or at a distance. The focus of our thesis is on processing capacity saturation due to numbers in simultaneous interpreting, from the point of view of the Effort Model. The first part of our paper is theoretical and deals with the various aspects of the simultaneous interpreting process, especially those relating to processing capacity, saturation and working memory; as well as with questions of well-known problem triggers, interpreting...
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The Development of Interpreting in Scandinavia
Pišvejc, David ; Čeňková, Ivana (advisor) ; Rejšková, Jana (referee)
The thesis portrays Scandinavia, from the perspective of interpreting, as a fairly homogeneous unit. The countries that make up this part of Europe share the same historical, cultural, and political background, which is reflected in the region's development of, and current approach to, interpreting. Although originally very uniform in their demography, since the mid 20th century, the Nordic countries have become a final destination for immigrants from all over the world. This new reality focused attention on community interpreting. It is stipulated by the countries' laws that community interpreters must be used in certain situations. Chapter 2 looks at the development of interpreting in the largest of the Nordic countries, Sweden. Early interpreter training, organized from the late 1960s by community colleges, specialised in community interpreting. Today, this type of interpreting is taught in community colleges all over the country. The central interpreting research institution in Sweden, the Institute for Interpretation and Translation Studies at Stockholm University, is the only institution that provides courses in conference interpreting. Sweden lacks a single register of interpreters and there is no regulation of interpreting agencies. Chapter 3 describes the development of interpreting in...
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Interpreting models in PRC
Aguas Maisels, Sebastian ; Čeňková, Ivana (advisor) ; Rejšková, Jana (referee)
The aim of this thesis is to outline the development and current situation of the interpreting profession in China. It places particular emphasis on interpreter training at chinese universities, interpreters accreditations, professional organizations and the formation of interpreting theory and training as an autonomous discipline. The beginnings of the conference interpreting profession in China date back to 1979, when the UN Training Programme for Interpreters and Translators was launched. In 1994 this programme was transformed into the Graduate School of Translation and Interpretation at the Beijing Foreign Studies University, which became the first interpreter training institution in China. In 2006 the first three universities launched a BA in Translation and Interpreting (BTI). In 2007 fifteen universities started offering anew Master's programme in Translation and Interpreting (MTI). Currently, the number of universities offering BTI has more than doubled and the number of universities offering MTI has reached 150. Several universities offer also PhD programmes in interpreting studies. Interpreting studies are gradually developing into an autonomous discipline in China and monographs of representative Chinese researchers, e.g. Liu Heping, Bao Gang or Wang Binhua, attest to it. Most of Chinese...
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Telephone interpreting
Perníková, Michaela ; Čeňková, Ivana (advisor) ; Rejšková, Jana (referee)
While telephone interpreting is very well established on the foreign market, in the Czech Republic it is still quite unknown and not very much used. Foreign companies that provide telephone interpreting have sophisticated systems to chose, train and assess interpreters and to connect them promptly with clients. This type of interpreting is being employed in various areas of human activity - in healthcare, in communication with service providers, such as banks, at courts, during police interrogations, in the private sector, where business partners need to communicate with each other, etc. Telephone interpreting is still seeking its position on the Czech market - the service is offered and provided by agencies, clients, however, are not interested. In its first part, the present thesis explores the theory and present-day situation of telephone interpreting. Telephone interpreting is defined in the contexts of remote, dialogue and community interpreting; the foreign market is described, as well as the areas where over the phone interpreting is mainly employed. The conducted research focuses on the USA, where the telephone interpreting market is developed the most. The empirical part of the thesis draws on a survey carried out among translation agencies, hospitals, nongovernmental organizations and...
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Neurolinguistic approach to interpreting research in Italy (SSLMIT Trieste): a critical survey in the context of further developments
Kadová, Alžběta ; Čeňková, Ivana (advisor) ; Rejšková, Jana (referee)
An important field of interpreting research, neurolinguistic approach emerged soon after the shift towards an interdisciplinary approach to research into interpreting. The mutually beneficial collaboration between neurolinguists and interpreters has been centred mainly on the issue of language representation in interpreters as bilingual subjects, namely on the role each of the two cerebral hemispheres plays depending on the task (automatic speech production, shadowing, translation of single words or phrases, simultaneous interpreting), choice of interpreting strategy (literal vs. meaning- based interpretation) or on the direction of interpreting (B to A vs. A to B language). The thesis focuses on the research into hemispheric lateralization done at SSLMIT, University of Trieste, Italy - the place where, in the 80s, the neurolinguistic approach was first adopted. The Trieste School then remained its centre for approximately ten years. The beginning chapters of this theoretical study present the fundamentals of neuranatomy, neurophysiology and neurolinguistics, necessary for understanding of the mental processes underlying simultaneous interpretation. Furthermore, relevant neuroimaging methods are introduced that either have already been used in or could be applied to interpreting research in the...
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The development of interpreting in Sweden
Pišvejc, David ; Čeňková, Ivana (advisor) ; Rejšková, Jana (referee)
Sweden has been one of the pioneers in community interpreting. Due to the upsurge of immigration, the 1960s saw the start of systematic interpreter training in Sweden in order to provide a full interpretation service to immigrants dealing with authorities or the health care service. Gradually, community interpreter training was introduced in several types of community colleges administered by The Institute for Interpretation and Translation Studies (TÖI), set up for that purpose by the government in 1986. With the country joining the EU in 1995, it was necessary to train enough conference interpreters to ensure a continuous supply from TÖI graduates. The market for conference interpreters is limited both in Sweden and the European institutions, compared with community interpreters. There is a legal obligation to provide interpretation to immigrants and newcomers when dealing with the authorities. Interpreters in Sweden can qualify as "authorized interpreters" once they pass a series of demanding exams that take place regularly. However, neither authorization nor formal interpreter training are compulsory for the profession, which directly affects the quality of the service. Authorized interpreters must abide both by a code of conduct and the regulations whereas unauthorized interpreters have no such...
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Comparison of students' performance at the beginning and upon completion of their simultaneous interpretation training course
Renner, Jakub ; Abdallaova, Naděžda (referee) ; Rejšková, Jana (advisor)
The main aim of the thesis is to determine,~ whether there may be a relationship between the capacity of working memor)Lfc,and the skill of interpreting features of modality in a text. Based on this aim, the basic concepts determining the approach to the above question are outlined (working memory, modality). An experiment is conducted on a population of nine subjects. The experiment investigates the development of working memory capacity (memory span test), and the skill to interpret features of modality during the course of interpretation studies (simultaneous interpretation of and English text with high occurrence of features of modality). Based on an analysis, evaluation, and statistical processing of the experimental results, the thesis determines that working memory capacity, and the ability to interpret features of modality may be related.
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The role of the interpreter in asylum procedure involving Chinese-speaking migrants
Gutvirthová, Jana ; Rejšková, Jana (referee) ; Čeňková, Ivana (advisor)
The presented thesis adopts a descriptive approach towards examining the role of the CzechChinese interpreter in asylum procedure involving Chinese-speaking migrants. Based on both recent theoretical findings and empirical researches conducted in the field of interpreted communication in various institutional settings, it suggests the untenability of a passive and mechanistic definition of the role of the interpreter and advocates a dialogic approach to the interpreted communication event reflecting contextual and pragmatic aspects of the interlingual communication process. Following an empirical survey carried out among Czech interpreters for Chinese asylum seekers, the thesis argues that most interpreters are aware of the communicative dimension of the interpreting process and the inherent differences of cultural and social backgrounds between individual participants. This awareness is then manifested in the way they perceive and their define their own role in the interpreting process as both linguistic and and cultural mediators. The actual performance of the interpreter's role is thus viewed rather as active and visible contrary to the expectations of legal professionals involved in the asylum procedure, whose insistence on passive and invisible definition of interpreter's role makes their demands...
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Assessment of interpretation performance by different groups of users
Nekula, Libor ; Čeňková, Ivana (referee) ; Rejšková, Jana (advisor)
The objective of this theoretical-empirical thesis is to investigate the assessment of interpretation performances by various groups of recipients. In the theoretical part, we provide an overview of the research results achieved up-to-date by theoreticians such as Hildegund Bühler, Ingrid Kurz, Andrzej Kopczynski, Peter Moser, Barbara Moser-Mercer, Daniel Gile, Franz Pöchhacker etc. The research results suggest that users' expectations can differ depending on their experience, education and/or professional background. This fact prompted us to test the validity of this assumption by having interpreters' performances assessed by various groups of users, the hypothesis being that different groups of users are likely to assess performance differently. To verify the hypothesis, we recorded three interpreters, who consecutively interpreted an eight minute speech from English into Czech, and asked the three groups of users (interpreters, lawyers and regular users of interpreting services - employees of multinational companies) to rate the performance in questionnaires designed for the purpose of this experiment. Subjects were asked to evaluate different criteria. Having processed the data collected in the questionnaires, we found that the differences were of statistical relevance in two categories only -...
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Working memory in simultaneous interpreting and its capacity
Gabzdilová, Marianna ; Rejšková, Jana (referee) ; Čeňková, Ivana (advisor)
The experimental working memory research in simultaneous interpreting has so far been very limited. There were small number of studies of cognitive processes in simultaneous interpreting. This thesis gives a brief overview of the recent experimental studies in this field and presents the subject of working memory. First part of this thesis shows the largely known theoretical models of working memory, information about its possible developement and its relation towards language. On the basis of the recent theoretical research, we formulated a hypothesis for the empirical part of this thesis. The hypothesis assumes that with interpreting practice there is a developement of working memory capacity and that the language factor becomes less important. In the empirical part of the thesis we described the experiment that had been done to confirm the hypothesis. The experiment consisted of standard listening span task adapted to two language variants, in Czech and in French. Thirty participants took part in this experimental study - 10 professional interpreters, 10 interpreting students and 10 non-interpreters (people without interpreting training and professional interpreting experience). All of the participants had approximately the same language skills in Czech and in French. Czech was the mother tongue of all...
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