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The growth and development of wings during ontogeny with emphasis on Palaeodictyoptera
Rosová, Kateřina ; Prokop, Jakub (advisor) ; Sroka, Pavel (referee)
The series of two fossil species belonging to the order Palaeodictyoptera from the Late Carboniferous of Kuznetsk Basin in Russia were re-examined. The two species as Tchirkovaea guttata and Paimbia fenestrata were investigated with emphasis on the wing growth and development in comparison with the structure of developing wings in recent mayflies. This fossil material of T. guttata and P. fenestrata was long considered by previous authors as undisputed evidence for a unique type of wing development in the Palaeozoic insects. The idea was that the larvae of these insects possessed the wings, which became articulated and fully movable already earlier during the postembryonic development and that these gradually growing wings changed their position from longitudinal to perpendicular to the body axis. Moreover, the development was supposed to include two or more subimaginal instars, implying that the fully winged instars moulted several times during postembryonic development. After detailed study of the available fossils and subsequent comparison of the fossil evidence with the development of wings in the recent mayfly Cloeon dipterum it was discovered, that the alleged series of immature, subimaginal and imaginal wings of T. guttata and P. fenestrata do not provide clear evidence that would support...
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Interakce mezi minerálnimi prvky v dietě brojlerů a jeji vliv na vlastnosti svaloviny
Prokop, Jakub
Diploma thesis deals with influence of mineral elements level in the diet of broiler chickens. Primary observe their importance in meat production with high nutritional and sensory quality. In experiment we tried to modulate the performance of chickens by changing the level of zinc (24 g, 204 g), calcium (2 g, 15 g) and magnesium (1,5 g, 4,5 g) and test the influence on sensory attributes of breast and tight meat. After slaughter in the age of 36 days the meat was processed and frozen stored. In sensory analysis (after heat processing) color, texture, odour, presence of strange odour, tenderness, juiciness, taste and presence of strange taste was judge. We discovered that different level of zinc has negative influence on the odour of tight meat (85,50+-2,108; 77,03+-3,333). Higher level of calcium and magnesium for the breast meat had positive influence on the color (83,53+-2,663; 88,50+-1,731) and negative influence on odour (86,10+-2,428; 76,66+-3,341), chewiness (77,73+-4,157; 63,33+-4,607) and taste (71,83+-4,325; 57,75+-4,532). In the end we can conclude that addition of different levels on mineral elements can influence organoleptic properties of meat and its acceptance for the consumer. It is necessary to do more experiments in this subject in the future.
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Groups the order of which is the fourth power of a prime greater than three
Prokop, Jakub ; Drápal, Aleš (advisor) ; Žemlička, Jan (referee)
The primary objective of this thesis is the classification of groups the order of which is the fourth power of a prime greater than three. First, concepts such as the Frattini subgroup are introduced, and some of their general properties are shown. These properties are then used to seperate the groups of order p4 for p > 3 into distinct cases, and these cases are then described in more detail. In the final chapter semihomomorphisms are introduced, and some properties of the group of semiautomorphisms are shown. In particular, a method of embedding semiautomorphisms of a group is shown, and the group of semiautomorphisms of a group of nilpotence class two is described in more detail. 1
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Morphology and evolution of selected groups of Palaeodictyopterida (Insecta: Palaeoptera)
Pecharová, Martina ; Prokop, Jakub (advisor) ; Hodunko, Roman (referee) ; Sroka, Pavel (referee)
Palaeodictyopterida is remarkable insect superorder, which formed a significant part of the diversity of upper Palaeozoic insects, but disappeared by the end of the Permian. The main synapomorphy of the superorder is the piercing-sucking mouthparts in the form of a rostrum consisting of five styles. This rostrum was probably used to pierce on plant tissue and for the juice sucking. The same type of mouthparts shared by adults was present also in larvae of Palaeodictyopterida. The external copulatory organs of the superorder members was also showed some morphological interests. The male genitalia consist of a pair of gonostyli and two penial lobes, similarly to the genitalia of recent Ephemeroptera. The female genitalia of Palaeodictyopterida are developed in a form of the ovipositor that can be compared with the endophytic ovipositor of some recent Odonata. This morphological features support placement of Palaeodictyopterida as sister group of Odonatoptera + Panephemeroptera. The main aim of the work was to describe new representatives of the order Megasecoptera, the second largest group of Palaeodictyopterida. Wing venation of Megasecoptera exhibits a reduction of the longitudinal and transverse veins in comparison with the order Palaeodictyoptera. Other body structures were examined mainly in the...
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Visualization of insect morphological structures using x-ray microtomography and other modern 3D techniques
Rosová, Kateřina ; Prokop, Jakub (advisor) ; Janšta, Petr (referee)
In my bachelor thesis I describe techniques currently used for 3D visualization of morphological structures of insects. Since X-ray microtomography is currently the most attractive option for visualizing internal insect structures, more space is dedicated to its description, but the work includes more innovative techniques. Traditional techniques used in the past decades are not neglected, since they do not lose their importance in the competition of new methods. In the first part the individual methods are presented in terms of their simplified functional mechanisms and the basic steps of creation of 3D reconstructions are described. Techniques are further compared in the text in terms of their usability on different types and sizes of samples, according to the desired final resolution of the visualization, the time required to complete the observation and final visualization and in terms of invasiveness of the techniques. The last chapter summarizes the possibilities of using these innovative methods in entomology based on available studies. Keywords: Insecta, morphology, 3D visualization, SEM, CLSM, MRI, Micro-CT
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The articulation of insect wings
Křečková, Adéla ; Prokop, Jakub (advisor) ; Král, David (referee)
The origin of wings is one of the most important innovation in insect evolution which opened new niches due to unique flight abilities. Movement of the wing is provided by the specific wing base structures consisted of the articular sclerites and the flight muscles. In general there are three main types of basal articulation in insects. Neopteran articulation represents presumably the ancetral type from which the others are derived. These are found in two palaeopteran orders Ephemeroptera and Odonata. Palaeoptera differs from Neoptera by incapability of the wing flexion over the abdomen. This incapability is caused by their specific articulation of the wings to the thorax. Various arrangements of wing sclerites among insect groups have significance in respect of phylogeny and thus represent number of important morphological characters. These are therefore used in higher systematics of extant groups as well as scarcely in their extinct fossil relatives. In the present thesis I introduce the review of literature sources concerning the main types of the wing articulation, their homologies and their significance in respect of higher insect phylogeny.
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New analytical techniques for the study of amber inclusions
Škorpíková, Šárka ; Prokop, Jakub (advisor) ; Sakala, Jakub (referee)
Amber is an amorphous organic material, a fossil plant resin, mostly produced by Mesozoic and Cenozoic wetland trees. It was often used in jewelry in the past. However, together with the development of paleobiology it has begun to be used as an object of scientific studies, due to its unique abilities to conserve various inclusions in their three-dimensional matter and unusual preservation of their structures. These facts show its important role in the reconstruction of past ecosystems and organism interactions. Various groups of insects and chelicerates groups are typical inclusions that can be found in fossil resins. But the spectrum of these fossil organisms is much wider - from unicellular to vertebrates. For menaningful research of fossil material, precise analytic observations methods are necessary. Their development made a huge progress in last few years. This thesis summarizes the overview of some of these methods and also of inclusions described in several past years from various amber deposits (review of major deposits is included). Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org)
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Quaternary insects and their significance for zoogeography, paleoclimatology and paleoecology
Moudrý, Jakub ; Prokop, Jakub (advisor) ; Říhová, Dagmar (referee)
The present thesis is a review of available published data on Quaternary insects. Research focused on Quaternary insects has been so far overlooked by the Czech scientists, even though there is potential to provide additional data for complex reconstruction of Quaternary deposits. Insect faunas allow to trace the dynamic development of areas across continents and serve for example as proof of migration routes. It is especially true for the Pleistocene, well known for prominent climatic oscillations. Thus, the insect species served as climatic indicators allowing estimations of average temperatures by application of the MCR method. Finally, these faunal changes reflect dynamic development of palaeoenvironments. The fact that the subfossil taxa correspond to the recent species allows broader reconstruction of the Quaternary deposits.
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Origin and evolution of insect wings
Patlevič, Matyáš ; Prokop, Jakub (advisor) ; Pecháček, Pavel (referee)
Insecta is the most diversified animal group, which comprises more than a half of eukaryotic species. Its massive adaptive radiation is most frequently attributed to an origin of insect's wings and flapping flight. Due to lack of transitional forms in fossil record it is impossible to study directly these procedures but only in a theoretical approach only. In this thesis the origin of insect wings is considered in two ways - in evolutionary way, when the points of interest are selection pressures and evolutionary advantages for insects with proto-wings, and a morphological way, when objects of study are structures that preceded wings and developmental modules allowing this event. The present thesis contains review of relevant published hypothesis dealing with evolutionary and morphological origin of insect wings.
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