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Factors influencing the origin and evolution of the tax havens
Ulrich, Tomáš ; Janský, Petr (advisor) ; Cingl, Lubomír (referee)
This thesis examines tax havens, specifically it searches for factors which influence the probability that a given country becomes tax haven. Nowadays there are roughly 40 tax havens all over the world. The main target of this thesis is to find out what effects does the demographic, economic and geographic indicators have on their ex- istence. By using the extensive dataset for the period of 6 years we illustrate the time development and possible trends. With the help of several standard regression methods we confirmed the already existing hypothesis that tax havens are inclined to be small and more affluent jurisdictions. Moreover, the results indicate that the quality of governance in tax havens is substantially higher than in other countries. This is not only a short-term phenomenon, it showed to be valid for a longer time period. The discovered outcomes are statistically significant and robust to the use of other relevant variables. Tax havens also scores much better on the measures of corruption than other countries. Our conclusions help to clarify the causes why certain jurisdictions become tax havens, and at the same time they provide recom- mendations for the concerning economic policy. Keywords tax haven, government index, probit model, regression analysis. 1
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Development assistance and the approach of Slovak Republic to developing countries
Dovhunová, Veronika ; Janský, Petr (advisor) ; Mikolášek, Jakub (referee)
This thesis discusses Slovak Republic's relationship with developing countries. Slovakia as a new member of donor community lacks studies evaluating the development assis- tance and the overall approach of Slovak Republic to developing world. Therefore the aim of this thesis was to provide the assessment of Slovak efforts to help developing na- tions by using the Commitment to Development Index. According to results obtained from the Index computations, the Slovak Republic ranks 21st from the overall number of 23 countries. The score of 3.9 is the worst one in comparison with all European Union's member states included in the Index. In two components, security and technology, Slovakia ranks the last, while in two others, trade and environment, scores above the average. 1
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Cigarette Demand and Cigarette Taxation in Czech Republic
Kvaček, Jan ; Gregor, Martin (advisor) ; Janský, Petr (referee)
5 Abstract: This thesis addresses to the cigarette demand and excise tax on cigarettes in the Czech Republic The aim is to describe behavior of smokers and especially their reaction to the changes in price of cigarettes. Data for household spending are used for this purpose. First part of this thesis is dedicated to description of the cigarette market and socio-demographic characteristics of smokers. Second part concerns with question whether smokers are rational or myopic and how price elastic is their behavior. Then the rest of the thesis describes excise tax payment mechanism and analyzes excise duty incomes. The thesis finds that cigarettes are more affordable these days than in the beginning of 90's. Czech smokers do not fully realize future impact of their behavior and they seem to be very inelastic witch respect to price. The price elasticity was estimated on value -0.2. Given low price elassticitty and increasing purchasing power, the current cigarette excise tax is considered to be too low. Keywords: Excise tax on tobacco, Smoking, Cigarettes, Tobacco, Rational addiction, tobacco consumption of households, Cigarette prices
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Veřejné zakázky v municipalitách
Pospíšil, Martin ; Janský, Petr (advisor) ; Kocourek, David (referee)
This thesis deals with the public procurement and the influence of various economic and political aspects on the achieved efficiency of their competitive contracting in municipalities. The theoretical part of the thesis provides an overview of the classic arguments justifying the existence of public procurement and use of competitive contracting for the provision of public services, nevertheless, it also points to certain drawbacks associated with it. Furthermore, the author attempts to describe the possible link between the concentration of political power in the bodies of municipalities and the effectiveness of competition mechanism in public procurement, which is an issue that is still uncharted in the literature. At the end the main aspects of the legislation on public procurement in the Czech Republic are mentioned. The aim of the empirical part of the thesis was to test hypotheses arising from the theoretical part employing econometric methods on a sample of public contracts awarded in the capital and 23 statutory towns in the Czech Republic during the electoral period 2006-2010. In order to test the hypotheses, linear models were developed, to which the method of ordinary least squares was applied, and some robust methods, due to the specific nature of the data. Regarding economic aspects, analysis...
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Sin taxes in the Czech Republic
Mouček, Jan ; Janský, Petr (advisor) ; Klimešová, Andrea (referee)
This paper is concerning taxes on so called sin goods. Consumption of these goods is believed to be wrong, its consumption have its negative effects on either the consumer or others. Such taxes are called excise taxes. In particular we focus this paper on tax incidence, the effect of these taxes on price of taxed goods. In economic literature concerning excise taxes it is usually presumed that the price rises by the same amount that the tax. If this presumption was false, it might have significant effect on this literature. We have tried to empirically analyse the effect of excise taxes using data from Czech statistical office and of our own. In particular we focused on cigarettes, beer, spirits and fuels. Using OLS estimates we came to interesting conclusions regarding effects of excise taxes on price of taxed products. Our results show almost zero effect of tax on cigarette and spirit price and at the same time confirm the presumption of full effect of taxes on beer. Further we modelled effects of value added tax and lagged effect of taxes with a one year lag. All of our results are definitely questionable though, as we used very low number of observations and therefore conclusiveness of these results is very little
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Ghana cocoa farmers' survey: chocolate economics
Svatoň, Michal ; Janský, Petr (advisor) ; Průša, Jan (referee)
In this thesis I evaluate long-term productive and economic impacts of the Cocoa Abrabopa Association, a private sector initiative providing fertilizer and other agrochemicals to Ghanaian cocoa farmers on credit with a joint lia- bility. Both the productive and economic returns of the program are expected to be higher in the latter years of sustained membership in the program due to the accumulation of nutrients in the soil and the possibility of the exten- sion of the size of the loan provided by the program. Earlier work focused only on the estimation of the effect of adoption of agricultural technology but did not allow to examine possible difference in returns of a longer par- ticipation. This thesis contributes by evaluating the impacts in the 1st, the 2nd and the 3rd year of the CAA membership and their comparison. By constructing and estimating a model for the impacts of longer participation I confirm the hypothesis of higher economic returns during the 2nd and the 3rd year of participation in the CAA program. The evidence which would confirm the hypothesis of higher agronomic returns has not been found in the case of CAA. 1
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Analysis of transfer mispricing of commodity exports in African countries
Zachar, Martin ; Janský, Petr (advisor) ; Kracík, Jiří (referee)
Governments around the world are burdened by what is estimated to be a $160 billion annual tax loss stemming from transfer mispricing. Developing countries may be even more susceptible to this phenomenon due to their lax reporting and regulatory standards. However, research done to date on transfer mispricing with regards to developing countries is very limited. This paper investigates commodity transactions between selected African countries and the world for 2008-2009, looking for pricing anomalies in both absolute terms and in relation to global mispricing averages. The data was examined using linear regression models, volume-based analysis and case study analyses. While the former two did not find convincing evidence of substantial price distortions, the latter uncovered several anomalies that may point to mispricing. These results point to the fact that transfer mispricing occurring in developing countries is in line with that of the rest of the world.
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Household nutritional effects of the DICONSA food subsidy program
Dent, Felix ; Bauer, Michal (advisor) ; Janský, Petr (referee)
This thesis is an empirical research project assessing the household nutritional impact of the DICONSA food subsidy program in Mexico. By employing a combination of propensity score matching and OLS econometric approaches, I conduct an analysis of household survey data contained in La Encuesta Nacional de Ingresos y Gastos de los Hogares (ENIGH) from Mexico. I find strong evidence of a significant increase in household caloric intake in rural areas targeted by the program, driven primarily by increased consumption of DICONSA subsidised cereal products and corn grain in particular. I find no evidence of decreased caloric intake resulting from overriding income effects of subsidisation. However, my investigation into the specifics of participant household food expenditure data suggests that reselling of subsidised commodities may occur amongst poorer households.
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The Shadow Economy Analysis in the Czech Republic
Filipec, Petr ; Janský, Petr (advisor) ; Buzková, Petra (referee)
Univerzita Karlova v Praze Fakulta sociálních věd Institut ekonomických studií Bibliografická evidence vysokoškolských prací Název práce Analýza šedé ekonomiky v České republice Podnázev práce Anglický překlad The shadow economy analysis in the Czech Republic Typ práce bakalářská práce Autor/ka: Petr Filipec Rok zpracování 2011 Vedoucí práce Petr Janský M.Sc. Počet stran 59 pdf, 49 dle číslování Ocenění-pochvala Specializace Abstrakt česky Tato bakalářská práce se skládá ze dvou hlavních částí. První se zabývá prezentací teoretických poznatků týkajících se jevu zvaný šedá ekonomika. Tato část popisuje definice, příčiny, důsledky a metody odhadování stínové ekonomiky. V druhé části prezentujeme výsledky odhadů velikosti šedé ekonomiky v České republice v letech 1990-2009 použitím Kaufmann - Kaliberda modelu a metody měření poptávky po oběživu. Také zde analyzujeme získaný vývoj velikosti šedé i celkové ekonomické činnosti. Podle výsledků získaných metodou měření poptávky po oběživu velikost neoficiální ekonomiky poklesla z 18.4% na 14.2 - 15.7% HDP v letech 1994-2009, ale ve stálých cenách její velikost stagnovala. Tedy vývoj celkové a oficiální ekonomické činnosti se výrazně neliší. Výsledky Kaufmann - Kaliberda metody se ukázaly jako nepravděpodobné, což je způsobeno sestavením tohoto modelu. Abstract in...
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