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Grammatical concord in existential there-clauses
Novotná, Alena ; Popelíková, Jiřina (advisor) ; Vašků, Kateřina (referee)
This thesis is concerned with the issue of non-concord between the notional subject and the verb in existential there-constructions. The grammatical subject in these sentences is the existential there but it is the agreement with the notional subject that is generally considered grammatically correct. This study focuses on the cases in which there is a discrepancy between the plural form of the notional subject and the singular form of the verb to be. The phrase there + sg. to be and especially the contracted form there's has apparently evolved into a presentative formula due to the process of grammaticalization. The thesis approaches this issue from the perspective of today's language as well as diachronically. Specifically, this study aims to identify the contexts in which this type of non-concord was possible in Early Modern English. To this aim 100 instances of existential there-constructions displaying a lack of agreement have been selected from three corpora of Early Modern English (CED, EEBO and PCEEC), which will then be examined in the analytical part of this thesis. The analysis itself is firstly concerned with the verb, its tense and whether or not it is contracted. It also considers the structure of the notional subject, most notably modification, the presence of quantifiers and...
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Existential construction there is/are and its Czech translation counterparts
Rumlová, Jana ; Brůhová, Gabriela (advisor) ; Novotná, Alena (referee)
The Diploma thesis analyses the existential construction there is/are and its Czech translation equivalents. The existential construction is used to present a new phenomenon and is thus one of the basic forms of the presentation scale. Even though it is a commonly used construction in English, there is no direct equivalent in Czech. It was, therefore, assumed that the most common means of translating the existential sentences to Czech would be the verb být, the Czech equivalent of the verb be (as in There is a long way ahead of us. = Je před námi dlouhá cesta.), mít, the Czech equivalent of the verb have (as in There is a long way ahead of us = Máme před sebou dlouhou cestu) or other lexical verbs explicitly expressing existence of the given phenomenon, such as existovat (=exist), objevit se (=appear) and others. The theoretical part summarizes literature and previous work on the problematics of the presentation scale, presentation sentences and the construction there is/are. It also provides information about the functional sentence perspective, which is essential to the discussed topic. The final part of the theoretical section briefly discusses the previous work on the Czech translation equivalents of the existential construction. The aim of the empirical part was to gather 200 English...
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As in the Middle English Romance Sir Gawain and the Green Knight
Novotná, Alena ; Čermák, Jan (advisor) ; Tichý, Ondřej (referee)
This diploma thesis aims to classify the uses of as in the text of the Middle English romance Sir Gawain and the Green Knight from a formal and functional perspective. As has acquired a great number of functions through the process of grammaticalization. The theoretical part of the thesis firstly deals with the historical development of as from the Old English swā and ealswā. It then describes the uses of as in Middle English. In this period, as was found to function as an adverb, conjunction, preposition and a relative pronoun. Each of these uses can be further divided into a number of subtypes. The thesis subsequently summarizes the functions as can have in Present-Day English. The final sections of the theoretical overview briefly present the processes of grammaticalization and constructionalization, as these two processes have been instrumental in the development of as. The practical section is concerned with the analysis of all the instances of as in the chosen text. It classifies them and defines each type of use in more detail. The analysis also considers competing means of expressing the same function and comments on possible ambiguities. Furthermore, this section deals with the uses of as in the text from the perspective of their grammaticalization and also points out uses which are only...
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Grammatical concord in existential there-clauses
Novotná, Alena ; Popelíková, Jiřina (advisor) ; Vašků, Kateřina (referee)
This thesis is concerned with the issue of non-concord between the notional subject and the verb in existential there-constructions. The grammatical subject in these sentences is the existential there but it is the agreement with the notional subject that is generally considered grammatically correct. This study focuses on the cases in which there is a discrepancy between the plural form of the notional subject and the singular form of the verb to be. The phrase there + sg. to be and especially the contracted form there's has apparently evolved into a presentative formula due to the process of grammaticalization. The thesis approaches this issue from the perspective of today's language as well as diachronically. Specifically, this study aims to identify the contexts in which this type of non-concord was possible in Early Modern English. To this aim 100 instances of existential there-constructions displaying a lack of agreement have been selected from three corpora of Early Modern English (CED, EEBO and PCEEC), which will then be examined in the analytical part of this thesis. The analysis itself is firstly concerned with the verb, its tense and whether or not it is contracted. It also considers the structure of the notional subject, most notably modification, the presence of quantifiers and...
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Teaching Syntax to Lower Junior Secondary School Pupils between the years 1918-1939
Novotná, Alena ; Šmejkalová, Martina (advisor) ; Hájková, Eva (referee) ; Kvapilová Brabcová, Radoslava (referee)
TITLE: Teaching Syntax to Lower Junior Secondary School Pupils between the years 1918−1939 AUTHOR: PhDr. Alena Novotná DEPARTMENT: Czech Language Department SUPERVISOR: doc. PhDr. Martina Šmejkalová, Ph. D. ABSTRACT: The thesis deals with teaching of syntax in language education at lower secondary schools between the years 1918−1939. It verifies to what extent the education was affected by social, pedagogical, didactic and linguistic factors. It analyzes the presentation of syntax in contemporary prescriptive grammar books, monitors how much syntax was implemented in the contemporary curriculum for lower secondary schools and it also focuses on the syntactic topics presented by methodological manuals for students of teaching and teachers. In particular, this thesis examines how the authors of the Czech Language textbooks, for lower secondary school pupils, presented the syntactic topics. The surveys have shown that syntax was, in this period, the focus of attention of: linguists, educationalists and methodists. Syntax was an integral part of language teaching and was properly presented in their textbooks. The surveys have shown that we can use many parts of these textbooks as high-quality sources of inspiration. KEYWORDS: Lower Secondary School, Curriculum, Methodological Manuals, Czech Language Textbooks...
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Czech Syntax in the First Third of the 20th Century in the View of the Magazine Naše řeč
Kadlecová, Eva ; Novotná, Alena (referee) ; Šmejkalová, Martina (advisor)
Diplomová práce se věnuje problematice syntaxe první třetiny 20. století, tak jak byla vnímána lingvistickým časopisem Naše řeč. Na základě obsahové analýzy primárních pramenů se ukazuje, jak byly lingvistickým časopisem Naše řeč zachyceny a interpretovány syntaktické jevy v první třetině 20. století a do jaké míry byla stanoviska redakce časopisu v souladu či v rozporu s tehdejšími kodifíkačními příručkami. Práce dále nabízí ukázky toho, jak jsou syntaktické jevy, kterým se věnuje Naše řeč, pojaty ve vybraných mluvnicích, což umožňuje zachytit některé vývojové tendence v české syntaxi té doby. Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org)
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Teaching syntax in council schools in the first half of the 20th century
Novotná, Alena ; Šmejkalová, Martina (referee)
Tato práce se věnuje problematice vyučování syntaxe na měšťanských školách vletech 1907-1939. Popisuje vývoj měšťanské školy jako takové, vývoj učebních plánů a osnov pro měšťanské školy ve vymezeném období. Řeší otázky, jaká byla pojetí výuky českého jazyka a jaké didakticko-metodické postupy navrhovaly tehdejší didaktiky a metodické příručky pro učitele. Především se tato práce věnuje analýze dvou učebnicových řad pro měšťanské školy autorů Josefa Müllera a autorského kolektivu Ludmila Žofková - Bohumil Tožička. Na základě obsahové analýzy je zjišťováno, jak byla syntaktická témata zakotvena v učebních osnovách pro měšťanské školy a jakým způsobem autoři učebnic a mluvnic syntaktické učivo v jednotlivých ročnících měšťanské školy prezentovali. Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org)
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Autonomy of woman in pregnancy and during labor.
NOVOTNÁ, Alena
THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS The bachelor thesis deals with the woman's autonomy during pregnancy and childbirth. The theoretical part summarizes aspects related to the pregnant woman's choice. On the one hand the choice is supported by a wide range of professional documents and on the other hand, the individual woman's choice and needs determine to decide on what is happening during pregnancy and childbirth. It is important to mention the documents in which the autonomy of women is firmly established, for example the Convention on Biomedicine and internationally recognized code of ethics for midwives or initiative called Ten Steps to optimal maternity care. In practice, autonomy is realized through the nursing process. The thesis deals with real woman's options of choice during pregnancy and birth process at each stage. Working in a chronological sequence describes the process of pregnancy and childbirth including situations that directly require or encourage pregnant women to decision-making. The theoretical part also portrays the birth process according to available resources and under the usual conditions prevailing in the Czech obstetrics including individual choice resulting from them for a pregnant woman. The practical part of the thesis presents the results of research through specific wishes and choices of pregnant women. These outcomes regard pregnancy and childbirth including factors that have an impact on a pregnant woman in matters of pregnancy and birth process. AIMS OF THE STUDY The survey aims to explain which decisions regarding pregnancy and childbirth are considered to be important for a pregnant woman. The second part of the research is to explore what factors influence the decision of a pregnant woman factors in matters of pregnancy and childbirth. THE METHODS USED To find the information needed qualitative research was used the depth interviews. The data were collected with women after spontaneous delivery at the Department of confinement. The data was analyzed in depth by the "paper and pencil" and then divided into four categories. All results of the research have been confronted with available theoretical knowledge in discussion. RESULTS The research showed that the interviewed women do not have much need to participate in decision making on issues related to pregnancy or childbirth. According to statements respondents applied most often when deciding on the choice of hospital, presence of a loved one, and in the case of non-pharmacological methods of pain control. In situations where expert knowledge was conditional the interviewed women left the autonomy in the hands of personnel. As the second part of the research turned out, two factors influence the decision making process during childbirth. The main determinants of the autonomy of pregnant women is awareness and current psychological state. It was found that awareness and current psychological state are the main determinants of the pregnant woman's autonomy in matters relating to pregnancy and childbirth. Internet and experience (own or indirect) were identified as the most frequently mentioned source of information for pregnant women. CONCLUSION Research investigation was able to roughly identify the wishes of women during pregnancy and childbirth. The autonomy support of pregnant women requires a higher level of awareness of women and individual approach. The knowledge gained can be presented at a seminar for midwives. Results of the investigation would be appropriate to supply with a quantitative method that would complement the problems of the statistical value.
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