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Muslims in contemporary Spain and the Spanish official Islam
Břeská, Jana ; Veselý, Rudolf (advisor) ; Gombár, Eduard (referee) ; Mendel, Miloš (referee)
Islam has always been an integral part of the Spanish reality. After eight centuries of Muslim al-Andalus, Catholic Spain maintained its connection with the Islamic world through war, trade or diplomatic contacts that led to the colonial adventure in northwestern Africa in the first half of the 20th century. The Spanish transition to democracy converted the country from an emigration country into a destination of immigration; mostly the Moroccan economically motivated one. The historic experience and the number of Muslims on the national territory led also to the legal recognition of Islam's presence in Spain (1989) as a fundamental requirement for negotiating an agreement for cooperation between the Muslim community and the Spanish state. The legal framework (Constitution of 1978, Religious Freedom Act, Aliens' Act, Asylum Act) gives indigenous, naturalized and immigrant Muslims in Spain a possibility to create associations and the Registry of religious entities (Ministry of Justice), established in the consequence of the approbation of the Religious freedom act, provides the religious Islamic associations with the status of legal person. The Islamic associational process in Spain started at the end of the 60's and has passed through different legal phases, from basic associations, through the hierarchical...
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Saudi Arabia between traditions and modernity - domestic policy, Salafi ideology and foreign relations
Beránek, Ondřej ; Gombár, Eduard (advisor) ; Kropáček, Luboš (referee) ; Mendel, Miloš (referee)
This dissertation examines the genesis and the main features of current Saudi Arabia and, in the first place, the development of its domestic policy and foreign relations in the period following the Gulf War 1990-91. My research breaks new ground in that it attempts to place the dynamics of Saudi state in the wider political context and explain it by factors that have a key role in the current shape of the Kingdom and its future progress. The first chapter functions as an historiographical overview of Saudi royal family and deals with the main pillars of its power: Salafi ideology, Oil, and Military. It is almost impossible to research Saudi Arabia without mentioning its puritanical interpretation of Islam and the development of its ideology in the aftermath of 9/11. Within this context, I also examine the life and teaching of Muhammad ibn cAbd al-Wahhab, contemporary position of his religious inheritors in society, and the new ways Salafists developed to export their doctrine all over the world. The second chapter deals with Saudi Arabian domestic opposition that has power to contribute to state's destabilization. I explore its various shapes, from Sunni political activism, liberal criticism, Shi'ite opposition, tribal opposition, to militant jihadi ideologies, and examine the leading figures: Safar...
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Khomeini's conception of velajat-e faqih in the mirror of Shi'ite theology
Cvrkal, Zdeněk ; Gombár, Eduard (advisor) ; Mendel, Miloš (referee) ; Kropáček, Luboš (referee)
If we survey the development of political thought in Islam we would come to know that Muslim scholars. during the past hundred years. have developed new theories in the tield of Islamic political thought in an unprecedented manner. Yet some of them have not been successful in developing theories fit for running the affairs of their societies. The Iranian Islamic Revolution of 1979 resulted in the replacement of the monarchy by the Islamic Republic of Iran. The inspiration for the new government came from Great Ayatollah Seyyed Ruhollah Musavi Khomeini. who first began formulating his concept of an Islamic government in the early 1970s. while in exile in the Shi 'a Islam learning and pilgrimage center ofNajaf in Iraq. Thus, it is necessary to delve into his ideas and examine his political thought for various reasons: I. Imam Khomeini's thought laid the foundation of a great movement i.e .. the Islamic Revolution in Iran: with the culmination of the Islamic Revolution in Iran the oppressed peoples of the world, in general. and the Iranians. in particular. have been eagerly \Vaiting to reap the fruits of the movement. hence, it should be studied thoroughly; 3 moreover. in order to keep the record of such a movement in the history, it is necessary to work out the ideas of a 1'vfujtahid who. in the light of the...
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Islam and the new media
Kouřilová, Iveta ; Kropáček, Luboš (advisor) ; Mendel, Miloš (referee) ; Kovács, Attila (referee)
Recent years ha ve witnessed an erosion of the traditional boundaries that separate the cuzama' from popular religious figures, activists, and intellectuals. The satellite Islamic television channels like Iqra' and al-Resala ha ve in a way become laboratory in which a new form of Islam has emerged and evolved. The channels are bound to compete for market share. In order to make the programming attractive to millions of viewers, the direction and style of Islamic discourse is being changed. The result is that the "dialogue" about religion in society is now characterized by a much wider range of perspectives which extend well beyond those of respectable and leamed cuzama'. The cuzama' have by no means disappeared from the stage. But next to them, and in close competition with them, other actors ha ve emerged. Instead of drawing on traditional channels of learning and power, their authority is rooted in charisma, youthfullooks, approachability and charm- in other words, their communication skills and ability to be identified with, rather than merely looked up to in awe. Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org)
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The great game. Iran in the international relations 1798-1907
Girgle, Patrik ; Gombár, Eduard (advisor) ; Mendel, Miloš (referee) ; Marek, Jan (referee)
The a1m of this paper is a thorough historical study of the 19th century superpower struggle between the United Kingdom of Great Britain and the Russian empíre for Iran (Persia), Afghanistan, Inner Asia and Tibet, popularly known as the Great Game. The study is based on the chronologically arranged description of the Great Game's key events, nevertheless, these are examined also 1n a broader frame of the 19th century's international political and diplomatic developments as well as in the context of the interna! changes within Persia and her neighbours in the period studied. The main centre of its attention will be Persia, the most important and most interesting subject oť the Anglo-Russian rivalry in Asia. As far as other regions are concerned, we will particularly examine the case of Britain's engagement in Afghanistan and Russia's conquest of Centra! Asia, both with their impacts on the general Great Game's political issues. The open1ng chapter deals in rich details with the historical and geopolitical presumptions of the Anglo-Russian struggle ti! I the end of the 18th century. In its ťirst part we will examine the events 1n Persia herself. After more than five decades of anarchy, plundering and interna! civil strife the young and ambitious Turkoman dynasty of the Qajars had established herself as a...
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Changing perceptions of waqf in the Egyptian society (1805-1953)
Melčák, Miroslav ; Veselý, Rudolf (advisor) ; Kropáček, Luboš (referee) ; Mendel, Miloš (referee)
Waqf (pI. 'awqi() emerged in the first century after the birth of Islam, and spread to the whole of the Middle East to become one of the most distinctive features of its societies. Although waqfs played many different socio-economic roles, their significance has up to now usually been described by means of the dichotomic concept distinguishing between waqf chayri (charitable endowment) and waqf 'ahli (family endowment), the first having been established as a kind of charity to provide free social services to the population (mainly mosques and madrasas), the latter as a tool for evading inheritance rules (ilm al-jarii'i), which, if applied, would cause the fragmentation of properties into uneconomical units. This concept originated in the period of the 19th and 20th centuries when the new legislation was beeing produced in Middle East countries to restrain waqf as an obstacle to social and economic progress. The thesis traces a history of this dichotomic concept in the context of modem Egypt. First it discusses the waqf policy of Mul).ammad cAli in the first half of the 19th century, then the development of the central waqfbureau up to the end of the 19th century, and the process of conferring property rights to the land which caused an unprecedented expansion of family-like endowments during the first half...
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Geopolitical position of Syria in the first half of the 20th century. The process of shaping Syria within its current borders in the context of rivalry between British and French imperialism and mutually conflicting ideologies of local separatism, Arab nationalism pan-Syrianism and pan-Arabism
Přebinda, Petr ; Gombár, Eduard (advisor) ; Mendel, Miloš (referee) ; Sorby, Karol (referee)
This survey deals with the geopolitical position of Syria in the first half of the 20th century and tries to find answers to the question why and how did today's Syria come to its existence. Since this state could be, to some extent, thought to be artificial, and its territory largely deformed, this works focuses on the process of territorial shaping of Syria in its current borders, which took place under rivalry of the British and French imperialism and antagonist ideologies of local separatism, Arab nationalism, pan-Syrianism and pan-Arabism. The time frame of this study is defined by the beginning of the 20th century and the end of the World War II which roughly coincides with the final stage ofthe French mandate over Syria and its admission to the United Nations. The survey consists of se ven chapters copying the time line of the S yrian history in the first half of the 20th century, with the exception of the first chapter, which deals with the definition of Syria and geographical Greater Syria and the delimitation of the contemporary borders in the area. Nex:t chapters are reflecting milestones of the contemporary history of Syria (i.e. the end of the Ottoman rule, the beginning and the end of the Syrian Kingdom of Emir Faisal, the Great Syrian Revolt, the French-Syrian Agreement of 1936 and others)....
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Islam in the society of Ferghana valley during the tsarist and Soviet governments
Exnerová, Věra ; Kropáček, Luboš (advisor) ; Mendel, Miloš (referee) ; Litera, Bohuslav (referee)
Tématem disertační práce se stala analýza vývoje islámu ve společnosti Ferganské doliny za carského a sovětského režimu. Cílem práce je odpovědět na otázku, jakou roli hrál islám v místní společnosti po více než sto letech ruské nadvlády a jaký význam měl v chápání jednotlivců a jejich jednání v rámci vztahů v rodině a místní komunitě. Práce si také klade za cíl podnítit nový metodologický přístup k problematice islámu ve Střední Asii za carské a sovětské vlády a ukázat, že pro pochopení vývoje v oblasti je potřeba analyzovat nejen politiku vůči islámu, ale i společenské a hospodářské změny a jejich vliv na místní muslimskou komunitu. Záměrem práce je rovněž v českém a mezinárodním kontextu přispět ke kvalitnějšímu výzkumu vývoje islámu v současné Střední Asii, pro nějž je zasazení do historického kontextu zásadní. Za předmět analýzy byla vybrána Ferganská dolina, jedno z center islámu v oblasti Střední Asie. Toto téměř souvisle osídlené úrodné údolí poskytuje jedinečnou možnost analyzovat vliv carské a především sovětské politiky na příkladu oblasti, kde hrála místní muslimská komunita po staletí zásadní roli nejen v náboženském, ale i ve společenském a hospodářském životě. Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org)
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