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The anthropological consequences of living conditions in ancient Egypt with emphasis on the Old Kingdom period
Jenerálová, Barbora ; Bejdová, Šárka (advisor) ; Stránská, Petra (referee)
Egypt is one of world's oldest human-populated areas. Some of the first written evidence of inhabiting the Nile valley by hunter gatherer date all the way back to the 5th century b.c. A period named Younger dryas took place around this time, causing both a change in the area's humidity and cooling of it's temperature. A significant cultural and political revolution took place during these 2,000 formative years encouraged by a change of subsistence strategy. Two hierarchically virtually undiversified populations lived side by side in the two areas of Upper and Lower Egypt, which had been divided around 3,000 b.c., at which time the emperors of the First Dynasty took the throne. After this transition the Egyptian society became hierarchically diversified into commoners and elites. All the aforementioned factors contribute to both morphological markers and osteometric points of the human skeleton. The aim of this thesis is to summarize the outcomes of the scientific papers covering the anthropological markers of the human skeleton and to link them to the known facts about climate change, changes in social order and migration, focusing on the Early Dynastic Period and the Old Kingdom. The objective of this paper is therefore to give a more complex view of the above-mentioned historical periods. Key...
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Dental health as a reflection of population lifestyle
Rybárová, Zuzana ; Bejdová, Šárka (advisor) ; Zazvonilová, Eliška (referee)
Human dentition is one of the key sources of information about the life of past as well as current populations. Due to the high proportion of inorganic components, the teeth are well preserved. Based on the state of dentition on skeletal remains, it is possible to reconstruct the diet and living conditions of archeological populations and compare them with modern populations. While the dental caries provides information about the type and composition of the diet, the enamel hypoplasia may reflect stress factors acting on an individual during early childhood. However, for the analysis of teeth, it is necessary to understand the causes of tooth diseases. Most of these diseases have multifactorial origin and are influenced by external and internal factors. This bachelor thesis describes the most commom tooth diseases and their connection with the health status and lifestyle of the individual, the impact of diet and other external factors on dentition and changes in these factors during history. Key words: human dentition, dental caries, periodontal diseases, developmental defects of enamel, subsistences, nutrition, smoking, alcohol, socioeconomic status, health status
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Changes of the facial skeleton in Central Europe during the last 1200 years
Bejdová, Šárka
The objective of the Dissertation was to describe, quantify and interpret to which degree the shape and size of the facial skeleton of people living in the territory of today's Czech Republic in the period from the Early Middle Ages to the present day, i.e. in the course of the approx. last 1200 years, have changed. In this time period, morphological differences between populations, changes in the sexual dimorphism, modularity and allometry of the facial skeleton were examined. The evaluation was based on CT-images of skulls from three historical populations, specifically from the Early Middle Ages, High Middle Ages and the early modern period. The current population was represented by CT-images of living people. We studied the facial skeletons of a total of 329 individuals, of which 183 were men and 146 women. The CT- images were used as a base for the creation of virtual 3D surface models. The facial skeleton was divided into three morphological units, which were further examined. These were the skeleton of the upper face, lower jaw and palate. The statistical processing was carried out applying methods of geometric morphometrics allowing the separate studying of the shape and size variability of the examined units. When comparing the size and shape differences between studied populations it is...
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Morphology of the mandible with regard to the demographic structure of the early medieval burial area Mikulčice
Thon, Tomáš ; Bejdová, Šárka (advisor) ; Velemínský, Petr (referee)
This Master's thesis focuses on the influence of socioeconomic status on the morphology of the mandible of individuals from the early medieval burial area in Mikulčice. This hillfort was an important center of power of the Great Moravian Empire with a stratified society. This work compares 2 different approaches on how to divide the inhabitants. The first of them is the division of individuals according to the location of graves into individuals from the castle, sub-castle, and hinterland. The second approach is the division of individuals according to the richness of grave equipment into individuals with rich and poor grave equipment. A different social status is associated mainly with different diets. Therefore, the attachments of the masticatory muscles are the most affected areas. A total of 132 individuals (59 males and 73 females) were analyzed. The material was evaluated by methods of geometric morphometrics. The used methods were CDP DCA, GPA, two-sample t-test, PCA, MANOVA, and SVM. Sexual dimorphism was observed in all sub-groups of the Mikulčice population. Men have larger mandibles with rami wider apart. The biggest differences are between individuals from the castle, the smallest between individuals with rich grave equipment. The distribution of individuals based on the location of...
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Estimation of surface area and volume of the body using multisegment model for the study of thermoregulation
Jarešová, Pavla Alexia ; Hora, Martin (advisor) ; Bejdová, Šárka (referee)
Human body surface area and volume are important factors in human thermoregulation. The aim of this diploma thesis is to create a multisegmented model of the human body that serves for estimation of surface area, volume and mass of the human body and surface area and volume of segments of the human body. Multisegmented model constituted by us divides body to 13 segments from which the trunk segment is modeled three different ways (cylinder with ellipse base, cuboid and cylinder) and therefore creates three variants of our model. Dimensions were chosen for the model to function properly on living people and also on skeletal material. A multisegmented model and other models for estimation of surface area, volume and mass of the human body are tested by using 3D scans of the whole body of 20 individuals. Anthropometry in the virtual environment was used. From our variants of the multisegmented model, the model cuboid appears to be the most accurate one in the estimation of surface area and volume of the human body, when in the estimation of surface area mean percentage absolute difference was under 5 % and in the estimation of body volume was under 10 %. The model cuboid has the second smallest mean percentage absolute difference in the estimation of surface area of the body and the smallest mean...
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Sexual differences and sex assessment from 3D computed tomography models of the mandible
Piskačová, Kateřina ; Brůžek, Jaroslav (advisor) ; Bejdová, Šárka (referee)
This master thesis deals with sex estimation from 3D models of mandible and validity of published discriminant functions. Although discriminant functions are known to be population specific, authors pursue to design a discriminant function that will be least affected by population specificity and for which a wider use could be envisaged for sex estimation. Such discriminant functions have been suggested by Tunis et al. (2017) in a very heterogenous population of Israel and more recently (Gillet et al., 2020) in the French population. The basic question of our work was whether these discriminant functions are usable and reliable even in the Czech population. In the first part of the thesis, 61 (30 female and 31 male) 3D models of the mandible of adult of recent Czech population were used for the validation study of discriminant functions for five different states of mandibular completeness (Tunis et al., 2017) and one discriminant function for the complete mandible (Gillet et al., 2020). Total 28 measurements were taken on the mandibles in the program Viewbox 4. In the Czech population, we achieved a correct classification of 60-93.3 % depending on the completeness of the mandible, after using the Israeli functions. For the French fiction, we achieved the correct classification of 83.3 %. To find...
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Modelling of human palate surface development from 7 years to adulthood
Moravec, Tomáš ; Bejdová, Šárka (advisor) ; Zemková, Daniela (referee)
The diploma thesis deals with the differences in the development of the palate in girls and boys within five age groups in the age range of 7 to 19 years, using methods of geometric morphometry. Furthermore, the work deals with the monitoring of sexual dimorphism in the development of the palate. Understanding palate growth, knowledge of differences in its development and changes related to sexual dimorphism are very useful, as the results of this study will serve as a comparative standard for palate defects in the Czech population, but also for appropriate planning of orthodontic procedures. The material consists of 228 gypsum castings of palate without any pathologies, 112 of which belonged to boys and 116 girls of the Czech population. Thus, transverse data are used in our study. The subjects were divided into five age groups 7, 10, 12, 15 and 19 with respect to gender. Age changes of the entire palate surface were modeled using geometric morphometry methods (Coherent point drift - Dense correspondence analysis, Per vertex T- test and Principal component analysis). To visualize the results, superprojection color maps, maps of significance and superprojection. The results show the greatest variability in the form of palate in girls of groups 10 and 12 years and in boys of groups 10 years, and...
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Influence of endogenous and exogenous factors on the human skull morphology
Křenková, Michaela ; Bejdová, Šárka (advisor) ; Ibrová, Alexandra (referee)
Variability of human skull morphology is affected by neutral evolution processes such as genetic drift, gene flow or mutation, as well as enviromental factors, which includes air temperature and humidity and type of diet, especially its toughness. These factors act differently on individual parts and larger formations of the skull. Climate mainly influences the shape and size of the middle face, concretely nasal cavity. Diet affects the mandible, the volume of the chewing muscles and adjacent areas. On the other hand, the temporal bone and cranial base reflects genetic distances and therefore is a reliable indicator of population history. However, it is not possible to determine precisely the extent of the influence of these factors, because individual parts may vary depending on the other parts of the skull, thereby making it difficult to determine these factors correctly. Key words: morphology, human skull, climate, diet, subsistence strategy, genetic factors, ancestry
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Human dentition and its importance for forensic identification
Vilímková, Eva ; Velemínská, Jana (advisor) ; Bejdová, Šárka (referee)
When an unknown cadaver is found it is necessary to identify it. In addition to visual identification, finger print analysis and DNA analysis can also be used to identify it. There is also a possibility of dental identification which is a frequently used approach. During the investigation, antemortem dental records are obtained and then compared with postmortem dental findings. X-ray images of dentition are the most often analyzed material. Dental restorations can be seen on these images and they are reliable identification features. In the case where toothless remains are found there is still a variety of options how to identify the person. However, forensic odontology does not only deal with the identification of the deceased but it is also applied to the analysis of bitemarks or it is also possible to examine lip prints left at the crime scene and their assignment to the person who left the lip print. Keywords: identification, forensic odontology, bitemarks, lip prints
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