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Design of a nitrogen Dewar vessel for electron microscopes
Brauner, Tomáš ; Voňka,, Jakub (referee) ; Urban, Pavel (advisor)
Observation of biological samples in electron microscopes in a state closest to the native state requires reaching cryogenic temperatures, most often with the use of liquid nitrogen (LN2). For this purpose a Dewar vessel with cooled copper thumb for cooling the sample holder and anticontamination shield inside the vacuum chamber of the scanning electron microscope (SEM) and focused ion beam (FIB) source was designed. Characteristics of the designed LN2 Dewar vessel were validated by measuring executed on the real functional sample. The reached temperature at the tip of the thumb under estimated heat load 2 W was 90,8 K. Corresponding refilling interval of LN2 is about 11 h. Experimentally measured data correlate with theoretically calculated characteristics. The designed Dewar vessel with a cooled thumb fulfills the required properties specified in the thesis assignment with a margin.
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Dissolved and gaseous nitrogen losses in forests controlled by soil nutrient stoichiometry
Oulehle, Filip ; Chuman, T. ; Hruška, Jakub ; Krám, Pavel ; Navrátil, Tomáš ; Tesař, Miroslav ; Ač, Alexander ; Urban, Otmar
This study investigates the consequences of chronic nitrogen deposition in forests, including its effects on soil and surface water quality, and greenhouse gas emissions. To predict these effects, the authors explore the controls over dissolved and gaseous nitrogen fluxes in temperate forests. Their findings indicate that stream leaching losses of dissolved nitrogen correspond with the nutrient stoichiometry\nof the forest floor, with stream N losses increasing as ecosystems progress towards phosphorus limitation. Soil nitrogen storage increases with oxalate extractable iron and aluminium content. The authors estimate soil gaseous losses based on 15 N stocks, which averaged 2.5±2.2 kg N ha-1 year-1 , comprising 20±14% of total nitrogen deposition. They also extrapolate the current gaseous nitrogen loss flux from forests globally to be 8.9 Tg N year-1 , which represents 39% of current nitrogen deposition to forests worldwide.
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Ventilation of sports hall
Urban, Ondřej ; Blasinski, Petr (referee) ; Uher, Pavel (advisor)
The master thesis deals with flow modeling in the CFD program. By means of which the opti-mal version of the air distribution diffuser in the sports hall will be selected. The first variant will bring fresh air through textile diffusers. The second variant will bring fresh air through flooded large circular diffusers. The tested parameter of the indoor environment will be the flow velocity and the age of the air. The better-performing version will be processed as an implementation documentation.
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Modelling and Optimization of Complex Fiber Diffractive Structures
Helán, Radek ; Lazar,, Josef (referee) ; Tománek, Pavel (referee) ; Urban, František (advisor)
The thesis discusses the fiber Bragg gratings simulations, analysis and design. In the present time, there are several methods to simulate fiber gratings response based on the stated parameters that define their dimensions and material features. However, this work deals with a different issue, that is the synthesis of the input parameters for demanded spectral responses. The main aim of the work is to achieve a synthesis method that would help to discover parameters describing advanced grating structure, based on the required spectral reflectivity. The basic demand for the parameter synthesis is an achievement of the real values in terms of the consequent production of the suggested structure. The described synthesis method considers advanced fiber grating structure as a structure of several uniform grating sections. The input parameters are estimated in steps, using the well-known direct methods in order to obtain grating responses and feedback to establish the parameters changes. The principle methods involve establishment of initial input parameter values and necessary subsequent algorithm leading to optimize the required spectral response. The initial values are calculated by a simplified model based on the coupled theory equations that are handled for the periodic disturbances in cylindrical waveguide. The following optimization uses the multiple thin film stack and transfer matrix methods. The properties of grating structure spectral reflectivity are step by step calculated while using these direct methods. Input parameters are established in the next several steps. Establishment of input parameters is done subsequently, based on the demanded and calculated output spectral reflectivity properties. Optimizing process is limited by possibilities of the grating manufacture technology. It is possible to assemble arbitrary fiber grating structure taking in term the demanded spectral response. Nevertheless, the calculated input parameters are real for the following manufacture. This method could be used to design optical band stop filter, high-pass and low-pass filters or filters for special applications.
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Role of thermal near field in cryogenic Rayleigh-Bénard convection
Věžník, Tomáš ; Schmoranzer,, David (referee) ; Urban, Pavel (advisor)
This bachelor thesis is focused on the eect of the thermal near feld (NF) radiation on (i) the onset of Rayleigh-Bénard convection (RBC) and (ii) the thermal inuence on the temperature sensors used in RBC studies. In the frst part, the theoretic base for both studied areas, RBC and NF, is presented. Further, the ways of fnding the onset of RBC, the temperature profles, the basic equations for heat transfer in far feld and near feld and the description of the apparatus used for the measurements of radiative heat transfer are given too. In the practical part, the process of measurement is presented and the model that we obtained for describing the dependence of the coefcient of radiative heat transfer between two Cu surfaces is demonstrated. Afterwards, the data are used to analyse the eect of NF on the onset of convection, and to calculate the inuence on the temperature profle measurements with cryogenic temperature sensors and, at last, the comparison of total heat transferred over the experimental cell with NF heat transfer over the thermal boundary layers arising in RBC is done. A goal of this thesis was to fnd out whether the eect of NF can explain the contradictory results of determining the onset of convection in cryogenic RBC (expressed by critical Rac) based on the measurements of the heat transfer in RBC and of the eectivity of heat transfer at high values of Ra numbers in cryogenic experiments. The current evaluations clearly demonstrate that the eect of NF on studied phenomena is by several orders of magnitude smaller than other relevant eects and can thus justly be neglected.
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Methods for Kármán vortices suppression
Kukrle, Daniel ; Urban, Ondřej (referee) ; Rudolf, Pavel (advisor)
This bachelory thesis is considering a Kármán vorticies and their suppresion. The theoretical part describes principle of phenomenon origin and concepts connected with this topic. Following chapter deals with Kármán vortex street occurrence and danger. In the end of the first part there is an overview of phenomenon suppresion methods. Experiment applies selected suppresoin methods and proves their effectivness.
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Design and verification of low temperature parts of UHV SEM/SPM stage
Pola, Tomáš ; Vlček, Ivan (referee) ; Urban, Pavel (advisor)
This thesis focuses on experimental verification and experimental-based improvements of designed low temperature parts of stage of the UHV SEM/SPM microscope, which operates in temperature range from 20 K to 700 K. The main focus is on the functionality verification of thermal insulation pad (InBallPad) as well as on the effect of length and contact quality of braid on minimal achievable temperature. The contact quality of sample holder with sample carrier realized with two springs is investigated together with influence of thermal contact resistances on achievable temperature. The thesis also contains a calculation model used for cooldown times and minimal temperature estimation. In the conclusion of this work several future experiments are suggested which could explain some of the observed, yet unexpected, phenomena.
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Dancing liquid - vibration eigenmode shapes of liquids
Urban, Ondřej ; Pochylý, František (referee) ; Rudolf, Pavel (advisor)
This bachelor's thesis deals with phenomena connected with vertically oscillating liquid layer, particularly with Faraday waves and liquid atomization. More in detail it deals with the linear mathematical model for vertically oscilating inviscid and incompresible liquids by Benjamin & Ursell (1954). It also presents the appearance of these and other phenomena connected with liquid vibration in practical applications. Furthermore, results of experiments are presented. Their aim was to find some eigenmode shapes using the linear model and also to document some of their properties. Final part is aimed to the design of an experimental device for visualization of vibration eigenmode shapes of liquids.
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Censorship in the Internet
Urban, Miroslav ; Rychlý, Marek (referee) ; Očenášek, Pavel (advisor)
This master's thesis deals with the issue of censorship in the internet. Specifically, it describes technical means for censorship and methods of checking on existing projects. There are also presented various alternatives of circumvention censorship, which allow to access blocked information via the internet. Finally, it describes a system that allows practical verification of censorship in the People's republic of China. The results obtained with this system are thoroughly described and discussed.
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