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Aristotle's conception of space: Phys. IV 208a27-213a11
Císař, Karel ; Kouba, Pavel (advisor) ; Thein, Karel (referee) ; Mráz, Milan (referee)
Aristotelovo zkoumání bytnosti místa z Fyziky IV 1-5 se stalo předmětem polemické diskuse již v textech jeho starověkých komentátorů. N arozdíl od jiných témat se navíc takřka žádný z nich nepokusil Aristotelovo pojetí místa hájit. Uzavírá-li Aristotelés své zkoumání definicí, podle které je místo "první nepohyblivou hranici obklopujícího tělesa", a vymezuje je tím jako dvojrozměrnou nepohyblivou mez, v níž se s umístěným tělesem stýká obklopující těleso či agregát těles, většina jeho následovníků má místo za trojrozměrnou rozlehlost. Jak víme ze Simplikiova svědectví, již Theofrastos poukazoval na obtíže spojené s dvojrozměrností a nepohyblivostí místa, i na skutečnost, že ne všechno bude podle této definice v místě. 1 Novoplatónští komentátoři se zase zaměřovali na Aristotelovo odmítnutí možnosti připsat místu příčinnost, což se podle nich neshodovalo s Aristotelovou koncepcí vlastního místa.2 Dalším zdrojem obtíží je pak zdánlivý vnitřní rozpor mezi jednotlivými koncepcemi místa, které Aristotelés zastává v různých spisech. V Kategoriích je místo vykládáno v kontextu nepřetržité kvantity jako trojrozměrná rozlehlost soumístná s tělesem. 3 Ve spisu O nebi Aristotelés pracuje s koncepcí vlastních míst, jejichž směrem se pohybují jednoduchá tělesa. Lehký oheň se pohybuje nahoru a těžká země dolů, zatímco...
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Genetic basis of multidrug resistance in Acinetobacter baumannii
Křížová, Lenka ; Nemec, Alexandr (advisor) ; Higgins, Paul (referee) ; Šmajs, David (referee)
Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Science Department of Genetics and Microbiology Ph.D. study program: Molecular and Cellular Biology, Genetics and Virology Genetic basis of multidrug resistance in Acinetobacter baumannii Lenka Křížová Supervisor: Doc. RNDr. Alexandr Nemec, Ph.D. Supervisor-consultant: RNDr. Lubomír Janda, Ph.D. Prague 2014 SUMMARY Acinetobacter baumannii has emerged as a significant bacterial pathogen pre-eminently associated with hospital-acquired infections. Strains of this species may currently exhibit resistance to nearly all or even all clinically relevant drugs. The vast majority of epidemic and multidrug-resistant A. baumannii strains belong to a few globally spread lineages, in particular to the so-called European (EU) clones I, II, and III. Complex resistance patterns displayed by these strains result from their marked capacity to develop, acquire, and combine secondary resistance mechanisms against originally effective agents. The aim of this thesis was to broaden our knowledge on the genetic basis and epidemiology of multidrug resistance in A. baumannii. The obtained results have been published in the form of six studies which are part of this thesis. In the first study, we analysed the epidemiology of carbapenem resistance among hospital strains of Acinetobacter in the...
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Heat-induced stress granules of Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
Groušl, Tomáš ; Hašek, Jiří (advisor) ; Janderová, Blanka (referee) ; Sychrová, Hana (referee)
(English) In response to environmental stresses, cells try to adapt to changed living conditions. Regulation of translation process provides fast-responding and versatile system enabling execution of stress-induced expression program. Messenger ribonucleoprotein complexes (mRNPs) engaged in translation and mRNA turnover are remodelled and may accumulate into higher-order assemblies, in connection to stress-induced translational changes. Stress granules (SGs) and processing bodies (PBs) are examples of such assemblies. Through them, further fate of mRNA molecules and certain translation machinery components is determined. In an effort to better understand the entire role of SGs in cellular metabolism, we performed the analysis of heat-induced SGs in model organism Saccharomyces cerevisiae. We contributed to the finding that SGs phenomenon is evolutionary conserved in eukaryotic kingdom proving that SGs are formed also in unicellular yeast S. cerevisiae under robust heat stress. The SGs reassemble their counterparts from higher eukaryotes in core composition and proposed functions. However, they possess also unique nature, which seems to be specific to the yeast. We further extended the data about heat-induced SGs, with a focus on additional composition, dynamics, associated proteins and a relation...
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Eugene Onegin in Czech translations
Rubáš, Stanislav ; Hrala, Milan (advisor) ; Král, Oldřich (referee) ; Honzík, Jiří (referee)
The paper covers five complete Czech translations of Pushkin's Eugene Onegin by Václav Čeněk Bendl, Václav Alois Jung, Josef Hora, Olga Mašková and Milan Dvořák. Translation quality assessment is based on the question of how each rendering reflects semantic complexities of the original. Analysis of each translation involves the significant phonetic, imaginative, ideational and structural features of Pushkin's novel in verse. Often a particular rendering is contrasted with another one to demonstrate its style more clearly, including some of the incomplete renderings of Onegin, especially that by Jan Evangelista Purkyně. All the translations analysed are put into their historical context. It follows that most of them were created at some crucial point in the Czech history (1860, 1937 and 1966) and in some way reflect "the spirit of their time". Bendl changed the structure of the original by a shift in metre. He replaced iambic tetrameter by iambic pentameter. As a result, he was given more room to develop the thoughts and imagery of Pushkin's novel in verse. However, he often turned his translation into renarration and contaminated his rendering with a great deal of semantic shifts. ...
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