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Institutions, Financial Development, and Small Business Survival: Evidence from European Emerging Economies
Iwasaki, I. ; Kočenda, Evžen ; Shida, Y.
In this paper, we traced the survival status of 94,401 small businesses in 17 European emerging markets from 2007–2017 and empirically examined the determinants of their survival, focusing on institutional quality and financial development. We found that institutional quality and level of financial development exhibit statistically significant and economically meaningful impacts on the survival probability of the SMEs being researched. The evidence holds even when we control for a set of firm-level characteristics such as ownership structure, financial performance, firm size, and age. The findings are also uniform across industries and country groups and robust beyond the difference in assumption of hazard distribution.
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Bivariate Geometric Distribution and Competing Risks: Statistical Analysis and Application
Volf, Petr
The contribution studies the statistical model for discrete time two-variate duration (time-to-event) data. The analysis is complicated by partial data observation caused either by the right-side censoring or by the presence of dependent competing events. The case is modeled and analyzed with the aid of a two-variate geometric distribution. The model identifiability is discussed and it is shown that the model is not identifiable without proper additional assumptions. The method of analysis is illustrated both on artificially generated\nexample and on real unemployment data.
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Kombinace prediktorů v odhadování parametrů
Podlesna, Yana ; Kárný, Miroslav
Tato bakalářská práce se zabývá návrhem metody k řešení prokletí rozměrnosti vznikající v kvantitativním modelování složitých vzájemně propojených systémů. Jedná se o předpovídací modely, které jsou založené na diskrétním markovském rozhodovacím procesu. Předpovídání je založeno na odhadu parametrů modelu pomocí bayesovské statistiky. Tato práce obsahuje návod na zmenšení rozměrnosti dat, potřebných k předpovídání v systémech s velkým počtem stavů a akcí. Místo odhadu prediktoru závislého na všech parametrech metoda předpokládá užití několika prediktorů, které vznikají odhadováním parametrických modelů, předpokládajících závislost na různých regresorech. Vlastnosti chování navržené metody jsou ilustrovány simulačními experimenty.
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Algoritmický výběr dosažitelných preferencí
Siváková, Tereza ; Kárný, Miroslav
Tato bakalářská práce se zabývá teorií optimálního rozhodování pro diskrétní markovský rozhodovací proces z hlediska volby preferencí. Za pomoci plně pravděpodobnostního návrhu, který zavádí tzv. ideální distribuci chování, která přiřazuje vysoké hodnoty pravděpodobnosti preferovanému chování a malé hodnoty pravděpodobnosti nežádoucímu chování, se hledá optimální rozhodovací politika. Tato práce obsahuje návod k nalezení optimální ideální distribuce chování a přináší obecnější řešení než řešení dosud známá. Dále přidává možnost respektování další preference, a to na volbu akcí. Vlastnosti výsledného rozhodování jsou ilustrovány simulačními experimenty.
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Mean-Risk Optimization Problem via Scalarization, Stochastic Dominance, Empirical Estimates
Kaňková, Vlasta
Many economic and financial situations depend simultaneously on a random element and on a decision parameter. Mostly it is possible to influence the above mentioned situation by an optimization model depending on a probability measure. We focus on a special case of one-stage two objective stochastic “Mean-Risk problem”. Of course to determine optimal solution simultaneously with respect to the both criteria is mostly impossible. Consequently, it is necessary to employ some approaches. A few of them are known (from the literature), however two of them are very important: first of them is based on a scalarizing technique and the second one is based on the stochastic dominance. First approach has been suggested (in special case) by Markowitz, the second approach is based on the second order stochastic dominance. The last approach corresponds (under some assumptions) to partial order in the set of the utility functions.\nThe aim of the contribution is to deal with the both main above mentioned approaches. First, we repeat their properties and further we try to suggest possibility to improve the both values simultaneously with respect to the both criteria. However, we focus mainly on the case when probability characteristics has to be estimated on the data base.
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Second Order Optimality in Markov and Semi-Markov Decision Processes
Sladký, Karel
Semi-Markov decision processes can be considered as an extension of discrete- and continuous-time Markov reward models. Unfortunately, traditional optimality criteria as long-run average reward per time may be quite insufficient to characterize the problem from the point of a decision maker. To this end it may be preferable if not necessary to select more sophisticated criteria that also reflect variability-risk features of the problem. Perhaps the best known approaches stem from the classical work of Markowitz on mean-variance selection rules, i.e. we optimize the weighted sum of average or total reward and its variance. Such approach has been already studied for very special classes of semi-Markov decision processes, in particular, for Markov decision processes in discrete - and continuous-time setting. In this note these approaches are summarized and possible extensions to the wider class of semi-Markov decision processes is discussed. Attention is mostly restricted to uncontrolled models in which the chain is aperiodic and contains a single class of recurrent states. Considering finite time horizons, explicit formulas for the first and second moments of total reward as well as for the corresponding variance are produced.
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ESP32-CAM – POSTAVME SI OČIČKO
Zajíček, Milan
Mikrokontroler ESP32 je možné zakoupit jako vývojovou desku ve spojení s 2Mpixel kamerou OV2640. Tento modul je souhrnně označován ESP32-cam. Tutoriál ukazuje možnost použití uvedeného modulu pro snímání obrazu ve formě statických snímků i videa a možnosti komunikace s okolím, či ukládání dat na SD kartu. Pro komunikaci s PC je použit USB-Serial převodník CP2102.
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On Experimental Part of Behavior under Ambiguity
Kratochvíl, Václav ; Jiroušek, Radim
People are risk-takers, risk-averse, or neutral. In the literature, one can find experiments illustrating the ambiguity aversion of human decision-makers. Recently, a personal coefficient of ambiguity aversion has been introduced. We have decided to measure the coefficient and its stability during the time. In this paper, we describe performed experiments and their structure to launch a discussion of possible design weaknesses or to suggest other methods of measuring it.
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