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Interaction of selected antidepressants with higher plants as a model of environmental contamination
Herčíková, Adéla ; Smrček, Stanislav (advisor) ; Bělonožníková, Kateřina (referee)
In recent years, the study of drug residues in the environment, which appear to be responsible for a number of adverse ecotoxicological effects, has become increasingly important. Psychopharmaceuticals have a prominent place among the pharmaceuticals, the consumption of which is increasing dramatically and it is appropriate to look for ways to remove them from the ecosystem and to assess the possibility of contamination of food chains. This work concerns the study of phytoextraction of psychopharmaceuticals mianserin and olanzapine. Mianserin belongs to the tetracyclic antidepressants (TCAs). It is mainly used to treat depression, anxiety and sleep disorders. Olanzapine belongs to the group of atypical antipsychotics. It is used to treat psychotic conditions such as schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorders. Phytoextraction is an environmentally friendly process that allows the removal of residual concentrations of pollutants from aquatic ecosystems. These pollutants can be released into the environment even after passing through a wastewater treatment plant. Unfortunately, even the treatment of water for drinking purposes cannot completely remove residual concentrations of pharmaceutical substances. This has led to a constant search for new methods of wastewater decontamination. In this work,...
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Phytoextraction of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory substances
Sacher, Šimon ; Smrček, Stanislav (advisor) ; Vlk, Martin (referee)
Phytoextraction is an example of a method of removal of chemical pollutants from the environment. The objective of this thesis was the possibility of the removal of selected pharmaceuticals and one pharmaceutical metabolite through maize (Zea mays) growth. The main point of interest was the group of pharmaceuticals called NSAIDs. One of the chosen pharmaceuticals being ibuprofen, whose initial concentration in the growing medium of 5 mg/l was lowered in 9 days by 99 % and from the initial concentration of 10 mg/l of the same pharmaceutical by 77 %. The possibility of phytoextraction of the metabolite 2-hydroxyibuprofen was also examined. From its initial concentration of 5 mg/l the concentration was lowered by 47 % in 9 days. The last examined xenobiotic was ketoprofen whose initial concentration of 5 mg/l was lowered by 89 % in 9 days. The concentration of pharmaceuticals accumulated in the plant body during the cultivation was assessed. The values of concentration were higher in the shoot system and were dispersed in the magnitude of hundreths of mg of the pharmaceutical per g of fresh plant weight. In the root system the values fell into the magnitude of thousandths of mg per g of fresh plant weight. The concentration of accumulated 2-hydroxyibuprofen fell under the limit of detection. The...
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Phytoremediation of triazoles
Doležalová, Zuzana ; Smrček, Stanislav (advisor) ; Hýsková, Veronika (referee)
This bachelor thesis is devoted to the phytoextraction of triazoles, anastrozole and letrozole, which are classified as third-generation non-steroidal aromatase inhibitors. Individual phytoextraction experiments were performed on maize (Zea mays) plants cultured in the sterile medium. In both experiments, the phytoextraction efficiency in the extracted samples was determined by HPLC with a UV detector at a wavelength of 215 nm. The phytoextraction efficiency of anastrozole was 0,067 mg per 1 gram of fresh weight (FW). The phytoextraction efficiency of plants for letrozole was 0,082 mg/g(FW). In the determination of extractable residues from plants, higher concentrations of the pharmaceutical were measured in the roots of contaminated plants. The highest concentration was determined in the roots of letrozole- contaminated plants at 0,0034 mg/g(FW). Biochemical analysis of the plants was also done, the amount of proteins was measured by the Bradford method, where there was a decrease in protein content in the leaves of plants cultivated with the drugs. The activity of total and membrane-bound peroxides was increased in most cases compared to the control group, the highest increase was observed in the determination of membrane-bound peroxides in the roots of plants cultured in anastrozole medium. An...
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Phytoremediation potential of higher plants - phytoextraction of paroxetine
Štelbacká, Kristína ; Smrček, Stanislav (advisor) ; Hýsková, Veronika (referee)
Environmental pollution has long been an important issue for humanity. There are many mechanical and chemical pollutants in water and soil that need to be removed. Xenobiotics, which are increasingly found in the environment, are also a problem. This thesis deals with the study of the phytoextraction of the drug paroxetine using the plant maize (Zea mays). The antidepressant paroxetine belongs to the group of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and is used for the treatment of depressive disorders. The plants were cultured in sterile medium for the time necessary for sufficient growth. Subsequently, paroxetine was added to the plant medium and samples were collected for 96 hours. For the first experiment the concentration of drug in the medium was 3 mg ∙ l−1 , for the second 2 mg ∙ l−1 and for the third 1 mg ∙ l−1 . To determine the phytoextraction activity, the collected samples were detected by HPLC system with UV detector. The phytoextraction efficiency of paroxetine was determined to be 0.0023 mg/g(fresh weight) for the first experiment and 0.0014 mg/g(fresh weight) for the second experiment. Plants used for phytoremediation have increased potential for oxidative stress and reactive oxygen species formation. After the phytoextraction experiments, the antioxidant capacities of the leaf and...
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Uptake and translocation of buspirone in higher plant cultures
Schmidová, Anna ; Smrček, Stanislav (advisor) ; Petrová, Šárka (referee)
This bachelor thesis is devoted to the phytoextraction of the anxiolytic buspirone from a cultivation medium and to the study of the effect of plant stress on the plant metabolism. Two experiments were carried out with maize (Zea mays) grown hydroponically in a sterile medium for 10 and 14 days. After the addition of a solution of medium containing buspirone at concentrations of 10 and 5 mg · L-1 , samples of medium were collected at 1-day intervals from all experimental plants. The decreasing concentration of buspirone in the medium was monitored by reversed phase HPLC/UV at a wavelength of 240 nm. In the first experiment with 10 mg · L-1 as the initial concentration of buspirone in the medium, a 65 % decrease was observed over the 96 hours during which the phytoextraction was carried out. The overall decrease in buspirone concentration was 53 % in 144 hours of phytoextraction in the second experiment with an initial concentration of 5 mg · L-1 in the medium. After the completion of the phytoextraction experiments, the activities of total peroxidases, membrane-bound peroxidases, guaiacol peroxidase and ABTS-peroxidase were determined in the leaves and roots of the plants. Furthermore, the content of phenolic substances, which belong to the group of so-called secondary metabolites and their effects...
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Phytoextraction of mixed drug samples from aqueous solutions
Hájková, Eliška ; Smrček, Stanislav (advisor) ; Soudek, Petr (referee)
A number of contaminants have been detected in the environment, including pharmaceuticals. Their presence in soil, water sources can have a toxic effect on organisms due to their constantly increasing concentration. The method of phytoremediation uses the ability of plants to absorb these contaminants and detoxify them by various mechanisms. The aim of this work was the phytoextraction of ibuprofen using maize (Zea mays) from aqueous solutions. Phytoextraction of ibuprofen after cultivation with added dextromethorphan was also carried out. The quantitative amount of extracted ibuprofen was detected by HPLC with UV detection. Ibuprofen has been very well extracted by plants. In the presence of dextromethorphan, the efficiency of phytoextraction was decreased. The phytoextraction efficiency of ibuprofen was 0.10 mg per gram of leaf fresh weight, while in the presence of dextromethorphan, the phytoextraction efficiency was 0.09 mg per gram of leaf fresh weight. After phytoextraction of ibuprofen, the antioxidant capacity was determined by FRAP method of leaf and root extracts of the plants, of which the highest values were observed in the roots of plant grown with ibuprofen in combination with dextromethorphan. The phenolic compounds were also detected in leaves and roots, where the highest percentage...
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Phytoextraction of benzodiazepines
Rychlovská, Kristýna ; Smrček, Stanislav (advisor) ; Soudek, Petr (referee)
The aim of this study was to carry out experiments with maize (Zea mays) for the purpose of finding out the efficiency of phytoextraction of chosen pharmaceuticals from the nutrient solution. The plants were cultivated for three weeks in a sterile environment. Then was added a nutrient solution enriched with chosen benzodiazepines - diazepam, flunitrazepam, nitrazepam and bromazepam - in concentration 5-10 mg/L. The samples from each plant were taken every day (24 hours) and then were analyzed with HPLC/UV. The efficiency of phytoextraction was evaluated in two ways. The first one as an percentage of a decrease of the concentration of the pharmaceuticals in the solution with time, the second one as an amount of phytoextracted pharmaceutical in milligrames per gram of the plant matter. From the standpoint of the decrease of the concentration was as the most efficient measured the phytoextraction of nitrazepam (74,7 %), less efficient diazepam and bromazepam (55,2 %, respectively 53,9 %) and the least efficient flunitrazepam (38,0 %). When converted to the mass of the plant matter the most efficient was found the phytoextraction of bromazepam (0,08 mg of drug to 1 gram of plant matter), lower efficiency by bromazepam and diazepam (both 0,02 mg) and the lowest again by flunitrazepam (0,01 mg). key...
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Influence of diclofenac on naproxene phytoextraction.
Urbánková, Kristýna ; Smrček, Stanislav (advisor) ; Břichnáčová Habartová, Věra (referee)
The presence of organic compounds from commonly used pharmaceuticals in surface waters is considered to be pseudo-persistent contamination with possible negative biological effects. One of the methods for limited entering of these compounds into ecosystem is using biotechnological processes for secondary treatment of sewage treatment plants effluent. Phytoextraction of naproxene and diclofenac was observed in plants like sunflower, maize and rape using in vitro experiments under different conditions monocomponent and dicomponent artificial pollution. In the experiments with individual substances the ability of phytoextraction was found in all cases. Contrary to results with maize, sunflower has different phytoextraction ability for naproxene and diclofenac (80 % vs. 34 % of extracted naproxene and diclofenac after 24 hours of experiment) and amounts of extracted material are dependent on used cultivar. In case of rape the difference between both tested substances is not so big (5 % of naproxene vs. 33 % of diclofenac). Generally naproxene is phytoextracted more easily from the medium, whereas the presence of diclofenac decreased uptake of naproxene in all tested cultivars.
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