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Pediatric radiology - specifics of selected radiological examinations
ZACHAROVÁ, Martina
This bachelor thesis deals with the specifics of the examination of pediatric patients in the radiology department. The theoretical part describes how different is the work with children, not only in terms of developmental differences (anatomical, physiological and psychological), but also the established procedures which, if applied correctly, should lead to a reduction in the resulting radiation dose to the paediatric patient or his/her companion. Furthermore, in individual chapters, it introduces the reader in more detail to the specifics of the examination of children in the radiology department, specifically on X-ray (scans), computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging. Within my practical part, two objectives were set in total. The first aim was to determine whether the accompanying person was sufficiently informed about the examination process - its advantages and disadvantages. The second aim was to find out which examinations are most frequently performed by children under 6 years of age in the radiology department. The questionnaire survey and data analysis of the radiology department of the Hospital České Budějovice a.s. was used. It was found that the accompanying persons were sufficiently informed about the ongoing examination, but they did not always understand the information sufficiently. The data analysis revealed that children were most often examined by means of scanography, skiascopy and magnetic resonance imaging. Only a small fraction of children were diagnosed by computed tomography, mainly because of the high level of ionising radiation a child receives during this examination. The main result is that applying experts are very careful about pediatric radiation hygiene. Children are first examined using modalities that impose very little burden. This is also helped by the correct education of the accompanying person, whose presence can calm the child or, if necessary, can hold the child.
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Radiotherapy of Benign Diseases
BARTOŠOVÁ, Kateřina
The bachelor's thesis deals with current indications of non-cancer radiotherapy and methods of their implementation, including the sources of ionizing radiation used. Non-cancer therapy has been used for over 100 years. Treatment with ionizing radiation in non-cancer diseases brings the expected effect, risk is very small due to the low doses used. Another advantage of this therapy is also simpler irradiation techniques, often we can only make do with one or two input fields. The main principles include the application of the smallest and most effective individual and total doses of radiation with maximum investigation of surrounding healthy tissues. The introduction of the theoretical part contains a brief overview of information on non-cancer radiotherapy and clarifies the non-cancer diseases affected by ionizing radiation treatment. Furthermore, there is characterized by an X-ray machine and general information about X-ray therapy and the method of application of radiation. The second part of the thesis, i.e. the practical part, focuses on the therapy of the heel spurs, or calcar calcanei, and the evaluation of the effectiveness of X-ray therapy after its completion. Respondents are patients who have been irradiated for pat pain with calcar calcanei diagnosis at the Oncology Department of The Hospital České Budějovice a.s. in the period 2019-2020. In this work were used a quantitative type of research investigation and anonymized data from the patient register of the Oncology Department of the Hospital České Budějovice a.s. The overall concept of this bachelor's thesis can serve as study material for students of higher education institutions in the field of radiological assistant and for the creation of an information leaflet for future patients or for the general public.
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The role of the radiographer in stomatology
STEINEROVÁ, Karolína
This bachelor's thesis focuses on radiological imaging methods and their use in dentistry. Radiological devices have been developing rapidly recently and have become a common part of dental outmous clinics. They are used not only in the field of dental and surgical dentistry, but also in aesthetic dental treatments. The thesis is divided into theoretical and practical parts. The aim is to map the advantages and disadvantages of each type of device and theri suitability of their use in dentistry. The theoretical part deals with basic anatomical concepts of the orofacial field, an overview of radiological diagnostic devices, their use in the field of dentistry and specially aesthetic dentistry, and the associated radiation protection of workers and patients. Furthermore, it focuses on the basic aesthetic anomalies of the teeth and their treatment, which usually precedes the imaging of the target area. The second part of the thesis was compiled on the basis of a questionnaire survey conducted. Two questionnaires were created concerning the use of imaging methods in the aesthetic repair of teeth, the equipment of dental workplaces and access to patients from the point of view of imaging and radiation protection from the point of view of patients and dentists. The aim was to answer research questions about the use of radiology in aesthetic dentistry and the level of information patients receive about their radiological examinations. According to research, the largest representation is the intraoral type of imaging, namely bitewing image, which is suitable for basic diagnosis of dental anomalies as well as changes in the structure of the tooth. This method is easy, fast and practically without any extra burden put on the patient. The most commonly performed aesthetic procedure turned out to be treatment with orthodontic apparatus, in which imaging of the original position of the teeth is necessary. The least used method in the field of dentistry is magnetic resonance imaging, due to the availability and creation of artifacts in images from dental metal fillings. Research shows that patients are not properly informed about the course, necessity or consequences of radiological examination. Although the dose of ionizing radiation is negligible in dental imaging examinations, the doctor should prevent and inform the patient of the patient's concerns. More than half of respondents consider X-rays to be health-burdensome.
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SMV-2021-06: EDS analysis of industrial samples
Neděla, Vilém ; Tihlaříková, Eva
The user workshop aimed at handling of the software Esprit 2.2. functioning as a component part of X-Ray EDS analyzer (firm Bruker). The workshop includes the practical demonstrations of elements analyses of samples specially chosen by customer. Further, the workshop is aimed at the basic routines of the morphological analysis of these samples by means of scanning electron microscope.
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Detection, Extraction and Measurement of the Length of the Metacarpal Bones in X-Rays of the Human Hand
Chalupnik, Alexandr ; Rydlo, Štěpán (referee) ; Drahanský, Martin (advisor)
The aim of the bachelor thesis is the design and implementation of an algorithm for the detection, extraction and measurement of the length of the metacarpal bones in x-rays of the human hand. The first part is focused on the principles of x-rays and the anatomy of the human hand. The second part contains the design and implementation of the task. The algorithm is based on image processing methods, such as thresholding or edge detection. In the end, the measurement results are evaluated on a set of images, which were provided by the Department of Anthropology at Masaryk University.
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Set possible causes for capacity loss of capacitors
Fabiánek, Marcel ; Špinka, Jiří (referee) ; Starý, Jiří (advisor)
This thesis deals with formation of defects on through-hole capacitors. Process of wave soldering and its steps are described in the first part. The listing and description of possilble defects caused by wave soldering is followed after the first part. There are several sources of potential causes of capacity loss and a separate chapter to these causes. The last part contains a proposal of testing individual potencional causes. Their purpose is to reveal the root causes of formation of the defects and then the practical solution is described.
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Method For Extending The Field Of View For X-Ray Computed Tomography With Submicron Resolution
Zemek, Marek
Computed tomography allows for nondestructive evaluation of samples. It is commonly used for many industrial and scientific applications. Some devices are capable of submicron resolutions, but this often comes at the cost of a limited field of view. Techniques that extend the field of view can greatly enhance the versatility of these scanners. One such technique is presented here. It is implemented on the Rigaku Nano3DX, almost doubling its lateral field of view. The method utilizes a standard reconstruction algorithm, and yields faithful reconstructions of scanned samples without the need for a larger detector.
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Construction of motorized filter changer for tomographic system Rigaku Nano3DX
Maleček, Lukáš ; Nožičková,, Dominika (referee) ; Zikmund, Tomáš (advisor)
X-ray computed tomography is a technique that finds widespread application nowadays. The initial use of this technique was mainly in medical diagnostics. The achievable accuracy of this technique has been progressively improved so much that today the computed tomography finds applications even in the field of industry. It is a non-destructive method of three-dimensional imaging of the internal structures of the examined objects. The quality of the resulting CT data is influenced by several factors. One of these factors is the property of X-rays, which we use for measurements. We are able to partially alter the properties of X-rays and thus obtain higher quality CT data, without the occurrence of some tomographic artifacts. The main way how we can change the properties of the generated X-rays is called additional filtration. This work deals with the study of X-ray spectra, based on which X-ray filters are optimized, to achieve the most efficient filtration. The main aim of this bachelor thesis is also the construction and production of a motorized changer of these filters, which should cause the speeding up the process of setting the whole CT measurement and allow the development of new computed tomography techniques.
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Detection of foreign objects in X-ray chest images using machine learning methods
Matoušková, Barbora ; Kolář, Radim (referee) ; Chmelík, Jiří (advisor)
Foreign objects in Chest X-ray (CXR) cause complications during automatic image processing. To prevent errors caused by these foreign objects, it is necessary to automatically find them and ommit them in the analysis. These are mainly buttons, jewellery, implants, wires and tubes. At the same time, finding pacemakers and other placed devices can help with automatic processing. The aim of this work was to design a method for the detection of foreign objects in CXR. For this task, Faster R-CNN method with a pre-trained ResNet50 network for feature extraction was chosen which was trained on 4 000 images and lately tested on 1 000 images from a publicly available database. After finding the optimal learning parameters, it was managed to train the network, which achieves 75% precision, 77% recall and 76% F1 score. However, a certain part of the error is formed by non-uniform annotations of objects in the data because not all annotated foreign objects are located in the lung area, as stated in the description.
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Spectral computed tomography: comparison of real and virtual nativ images
Širůčková, Kateřina ; Bartušek, Karel (referee) ; Marcoň, Petr (advisor)
Advanced X-ray medical diagnostic methods massively increase the radiation exposure of patients. Therefore, it is necessary to focus on the reduction of radiation and its stochastic and deterministic effects. This project compares real native images TNC with virtual native images VNC. Virtual native images are acquired by spectral computed tomography method and it is suggested that VNC could potentially substitute real native images, thereby, the total radiation dose from multiphase spectral CT would decrease. A comparison was performed by defining certain parameters that represented the differentiation of the measured and calculated values in the images. The parameters were SNR, CNR, absolute difference, relative error and they were analysed by statistical tests using p-value and correlation analysis. Another output is a database of patients with compared parameters from real and virtual native images.
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