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Modular and ontogenetic evolution of virtual organisms
Leibl, Marek ; Mráz, František (advisor) ; Šmíd, Jakub (referee)
Increase of computational power and development of new methods in artificial intelligence allow these days many real-world problems to be solved automatically by a~computer program without human interaction. This includes automatized design of walking robots in a~physical virtual environment that can eventually result in construction of real robots. This work compares two different approaches to evolve virtual robotic organisms: artificial ontogeny, where the organism first grows using an~artificial ontogenetic process, and more direct methods. Furthermore, it proposes a~novel approach to evolve virtual robotic organisms: Hypercube-based artificial ontogeny that is combination of artificial ontogeny and Hypercube-based neuroevolution of augmenting topologies (HyperNEAT). Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org)
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HUMAN BODY COMPOSITION DURING ONTOGENESIS
Koukou, Aikaterini ; Hronek, Miloslav (advisor) ; Kovařík, Miroslav (referee)
1. ABSTRACT This diploma thesis refers to human body composition and its alterations by physiological and pathological processes that occur during different stages of life. Fat mass, fat free mass and total body water represent the major components of the human body which are modified during infancy, childhood, puberty, pregnancy and adulthood. Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis (BIA), Dual Energy Absorptiometry (DEXA), Computed Tomography (CT) and Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) are some methods which are utilized for the qualitative and quantitative assessment of the body composition according to nutritional and pathological state of each individual, targeting the optimal clinical outcome. During growth, the amount of total body water elevates through infancy but it gradually declines in the next stages of life. Fat mass or total body fat possesses higher values during infancy, pregnancy and aging whereas it increases preferentially in female population at puberty. Muscle mass is elevated significantly in males during puberty and declines gradually due to aging. Osteoporosis, obesity and wasting diseases such as anorexia, cachexia and sarcopenia provoke severe disturbances in body composition compartments resulting in high rates of morbidity and mortality of the population.
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Synchronization of peripheral circadian clocks during ontogenesis.
Paušlyová, Lucia ; Sumová, Alena (advisor) ; Hock, Miroslav (referee)
The circadian system is an important coordinator of physiological functions of a mammalian organism. It comprises of a central oscillator represented by cells in the suprachiasmatic nuclei of hypothalamus (SCN) and peripheral oscillators in most if not all cells of peripheral tissues. The peripheral oscillators, similarly to the central ones, generate circadian oscillations at the level of so called clock genes and their protein products. In peripheral tissues, oscillations in expression of the individual clock genes are autonomous, however, they need to be synchronized to ensure their robust rhythmic expression. The peripheral clocks are synchronized mainly by rhythmical signals from the SCN, including signals regulating food intake. Disturbances in the clock gene expressions, as well as impaired synchronization signals, can result in various pathophysiological states. Spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR) strain is a convenient animal model to study potential connection between the disturbed circadian system and progressive development of hypertension and metabolical diseases in mammals. Various studies have shown differences in the rhythmical expression of clock genes between SHR strain and normotensive Wistar/Wistar-Kyoto strain. The aim of this thesis is to provide insight into the early...
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Kinesiotherapy in idiopathic scoliosis focusing on the reflexlocomotion
Havlová, Zdenka ; Horká, Bohumila (advisor) ; Savková, Pavlína (referee)
Author: Zdenka Havlová Institution: Department of Rehabilitation Medicine The Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Králové Title: Kinesiotherapy in idiopathic scoliosis focusing on the reflexlocomotion Supervisor: Mgr. Bohumila Horká Pages: 89 Inserts: 5 The year of presentation: 2013 Keywords: idiopathic scoliosis, ontogenesis, axial systém, reflexlocomotion The thesis deals with the kinesiotherapy in idiopathic scoliosis taking into account the possibilities of Vojta method. It deals also with the history of this disease, incidence in the population, relation between ontogenetic development and development of the axial system. The thesis also describes the treatment options and introduces the most used method of kineziotherapy. It contains two case studies of the patients with the idiopathic scoliosis where the Vojta method was used as the main method of kinesiotherapy.
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Circadian clock during ontogenesis
Olejníková, Lucie ; Sumová, Alena (advisor) ; Hock, Miroslav (referee)
Circadian system enables adaptation of organisms to periodic changes in environment on the Earth. In mammals, it consists of central pacemaker in the suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN) of hypothalamus and of oscillators that reside in other brain areas as well as in the peripheral organs and tissues. Ontogenetic development of the circadian system is a gradual process and the most dramatic changes undergo during the late embryonic and early postnatal stage. For its proper function, not only the morphological development of its individual parts, but also development of their entrainment to external environment and among each other, is important. The oscillations in clock gene expressions in the SCN occur already before birth, but in view of the fact that the levels of their protein products are undetectable, at this developmental stage, the ability of SCN to generate these oscillations in vivo has been discussed. After birth, the levels of these proteins rise and the rhythms in clock genes expression achieve the adult-like level at the postnatal age, when the synaptogenesis in the SCN is completed. The presence of a functional maternal circadian system is not necessary for the endogenous development of the SCN clock in pups, because the maternal SCN only entrains the clock and the circadian oscillations thus...
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The mitochondrial genome in the ontogenesis
Töröková, Petra ; Brdička, Radim (advisor) ; Černý, Viktor (referee)
The main goal of this study is the comparison of sequences of the HVRII region of the mitochondrial genome in the cord blood sample and the saliva sample of the same individual, taken at average ten years from his/her birth. It is known that during ontogenesis the human genome changes. All the more the mitochondrial genome which shows a higher mutation rate, and moreover it is not taken care of it by repair mechanisms. In older individuals, there was found a distinctive amount of mitochondrial variations cumulated in different tissues in the process of the ontogenesis. This study is focused on the detection of these changes already in younger individuals. The tissue-specific variability which is created during ontogenesis might have an adverse influence on all sorts of the mtDNA based studies. The samples were taken in two regions (Teplice / Prachatice) that differ in the pollution of environment. With regard to that, the samples with discovered changes were compared from the standpoint of the region, which they had come from, with the aim to prove the influence of environment on the mutagenesis of the mitochondrial DNA. Samples were also compared from the point of view of sex. Furthermore the variability of the collection of Czech population was evaluated and the estimation of the genetic...
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The effect of pyrethroid based pesticides on fish
RICHTEROVÁ, Zuzana
Pyrethroids are ones of the most used pesticides worldwides. The widespread use and high stability of pyrethroids lead to the assumption of that their occurrence in the environment could be quite frequent. They can reach water ecosystem as pollutants. Residues of pyrethroids are not only detected in the water column, but also in sediments and in fish tissues. The first study was devoted to the product Nexide containing 60 g.l-1 of active substance gamma-cyhalothrin. Tested Nexide concentrations were 5, 25, 50, 100, and 250 µg.l-1. Early life stage test was used.Common carp (Cyprinus carpio) was tested. There were significant mortalities in all concentrations except the lowest concentration during the trial. The lowest concentration tested 5 µg.l-1 only caused a slightly increased mortality. This lowest concentration influenced the growth in length and weight negatively, decelerated ontogenetic development, and made the body surface of the individuals darker. Histopathology of individuals from this concentration revealed dystrophy in liver. Examination of kidney, intestine and gills did not show significant histopathological differences compared with control. The evaluation of selected parameters of oxidative stress demonstrated a significantly higher activity of detoxification enzyme glutathione-S.transferase (GST) and a significantly lower activity of defensive enzyme glutathione peroxidase (GPx) compared with the control group. The other examined parameters of oxidative stress such as catalase (CAT), glutation reductase (GR), and lipid peroxidation determined by using the thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARs) were comparable to the control group. Changes in oxidative stress parameters suggest that exposure of the organism to the product Nexide in the given concentration leads to dysbalance of defensive enzymes. The second study was devoted to the product Cyperkill 25 EC containing 250 g.l-1. Tested Cyperkill 25 EC concentrations were 7.2, 36, 72, 144, and 360 µg.l-1. The procedure of the trial was the same as the preceded one. There were 100% mortalities in all concentrations except the lowest concentration during the trial. The lowest tested concentration 7.2 µg.l-1 allowed 90% of individuals to stay alive till the end of experiment. The lowest concentration influenced the growth in length and weight negatively and decelerated ontogenetic development compared with the control. Any individual exposed to this concentration did not reach juvenile stage until the end of the trial. Dark pigmentation was visible in 68% of these exposed individuals on the last day. Similar darkening was visible in individuals from higher concentrations shortly before death too. Histological examination did not revealed significant changes in intestine, liver, kidney, and gills compared with the control group. Evaluation of selected parameters of oxidative stress demonstrated significantly lower activities of GST, GR, and GPx. Activities of CAT and TBARS were comparable with the control group. Changes in oxidative stress parameters suggest that exposure of the organism to the product Cyperkill 25 EC in the given concentration could induce oxidative stress and interfere with the activities of antioxidant enzymes. The presented thesis summarises actual data about pyrethroids and their influence on fish. The demonstrated effects confirm high susceptibility of early developmental stages of fish to tested pesticides. When interpreting the results, we have to take into account the fact that studies showed this risk even on single pyrethroid substances. But water organisms are exposed to many other more or less toxic products and substances in a real environment. These xenobiotics could react with each other and their mixture could even potentiate negative effects. The performed studies also clearly show the significant differences in the sensitivity of embryonic and embryolarval tests.
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Bioenergetics of reproduction and postnatal development of two species of social mole-rat of genus \kur{Fukomys}
ZEMANOVÁ, Milada
The resting metabolic rate of mole-rats was measured with a close-flow respirometry system and body temperature was recorded with a rectal thermometer at an ambient temperature within and below adult thermoneutrality range. The development of ability to thermoregulate was monitored for pups of Fukomys sp. Huddling and presence of adults reduced the body heat loss of pups of all monitored age, but no effect was observed on the metabolic rate of the pups until they were two months old. Huddling had no effect on resting metabolic rate and body temperature in adult giant mole-rats Fukomys mechowii. The maternal cost of reproduction was evaluated in females from two species of the genus Fukomys. The energetic expenditure of females increased with pup´s age.
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The graphic image of the increased tendency to agression and to violation of the clients of the Childrens home with secondary school in Šindlovy Dvory.
VESELÁ, Zuzana
In theoretical part I write about questions of present learning and behaviour difficulties theory, about the causes of these difficulties and about their impacts on the whole child's development in general. I target here the ontogeny of graphic displaying and I compare the viewpoints of PhDr. Milan Kyzour and Victor Lowenfeld. I also concentrate on agression types, agression classification, agression significance and agression sources in a human psychic apparatus. In the next chapter are given theoretical resources of artetherapy. In practical part is description of artetherapeutical approach in training-school. I mention here casuistries of three inmates. I concentrate there on characteristics of graphic displaying, or more precisely on specific pupils with the mentioned displaying. In artetherapeutical process is mostly viewed displaying advancement as the objective action of graphical-methodical guidance. Nevertheless, interpretative hypotheses are also included in practical part.
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Art Therapy - Working with Standard Population
STIBOROVÁ, Jitka
The topic will be divided into two parts {--} theoretical and practical ones {--} and a conclusion with an evaluation of the project. The theoretical part will include the basic data concerning developmental psychology together with a deeper insight into a period of adulthood and middle- and post-middle ages. It will be an outlook of a healthy population that deals with common situations of everyday life, with a period of their and their children´s maturity, with a choice of their first partner for life, with a departure of the partner and finally with their children´s leaving and arranging their own lives. My work will include some systematic procedures and casuistics among the selected clients. I will focuse on solving the common situations of everyday life in a Simulation studio together with an effort to approach a so called {\clqq}Healthy Rožnov Drawing``. The practical part will analyse the client´s work. In a conclusion I want to summarise my long-term activities with the above mentioned clients.
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