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Legal and philosophical aspects of free will
Kutílek, Lukáš ; Maršálek, Pavel (advisor) ; Tryzna, Jan (referee)
This thesis seeks an answer to a question of whether social normative systems, particularly law and morality, are consistent with the most recent scientific and philosophical findings. Those in fact often conclude that the human will is not free and that the human decision- making is only a physiological process governed by the laws of physics. Such findings thus, at a first glance, collide mainly with the concept of responsibility, through which law and morality are implemented. Therefore, the paper begins with a brief introduction of the current state of knowledge concerning free will and presents mainly determinism and indeterminism. The conclusion of the first part called Free Will and Determinism introduces a view of the world, which best suits the current state of knowledge and is further referred to as Physicalism. The second part called Law, Morality, Physicalism, briefly presents law and morality as regulators of human behavior, for which the concept of free will is fundamental. The focus of the thesis then shifts towards the institutions of criminal and civil law, that seem to be threatened by Physicalism the most. However, general consistency of Physicalism and the examined normative concepts is concluded, while it is argued that within the physicalistic view of the world, law and morality...
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The truth of future contingent propositions as a logical and philosophical problem
Kolínská, Marie ; Svoboda, Vladimír (advisor) ; Bendová, Kamila (referee)
According to some logicians and philosophers, future contingent propositions pose a specific problem. Many of those who look into this problem now and those who looked into it (even hundreds) years ago, refer to Aristotle. Nevertheless not in agreement. Our aim is to give an overview of traditional and non-traditional interpretations of the part of Aristotle's work which deals with this issue. On the basis of their comparison we will try to uncover what causes the variety of readings. That will allow us to assess whether the truth of future contingent propositions really is a specific problem and what is its actual nature.
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Systems of Sequential Grammars Applied to Parsing
Repík, Tomáš ; Solár, Peter (referee) ; Meduna, Alexandr (advisor)
This thesis examines Grammar systems as the potentially more powerful tool for parsing as the simple grammars. The intention is to adapt theoretical models of grammar systems for parsing. New methods are introduced, with focus on determinism in order to prevent backtracking during parsing. The basis for the parser is a cooperating distributed grammar system. The implementation uses predictive, top-down parsing method, LL(1)Tables, and recursion as well. The parser is universal, usable for any LL-Grammar and for any grammar system based on them.
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Parsing Based on Matrix Grammars
Bednář, Petr ; Solár, Peter (referee) ; Meduna, Alexandr (advisor)
This thesis is researching parsing based on matrix grammars. Introduces automata controled parsing method. It discusses problems of deterministic parsing of matrix grammars. Thesis is focusing on deterministic parsing of non-deterministic languages. It studies strength of this deterministic method.
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Visualization of Finite Automata, Pushdown Automata and Turing Machines Work
Syrový, Ondřej ; Láník, Aleš (referee) ; Zuzaňák, Jiří (advisor)
This bachelor`s thesis is focusing on concept and development of computer application for demonstration of finite automata, pushdown automata and Turing machines work. Theoretic volume of this work deals with theories of formal languages and grammars and automata theory. Created program allows to load deterministic and nondeterministic automata variants from the text file, their graphic representation by state diagram and stepping their calculation process.
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Syntactic Analysis Based on Coupled Finite Automata
Zámečníková, Eva ; Masařík, Karel (referee) ; Lukáš, Roman (advisor)
Master's thesis is dealing with translation based on coupled finite automaton model. Coupled finite automaton contains input and output automaton. The input automaton makes syntactic analysis with an input string. Used rules from the input automaton control the output automaton, which generates an output string. In thesis is described a way of determinisation of the input automaton without loss of information about rules used in original automaton. The determinizitaion is divided into two parts - for finite and infinite translation specified by transducers. Then is presented a new pair automaton with increased computing power. This increased computing power consists in replace of input or output or just a part of automaton by context free grammar.
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Freedom of will and access to informations about one's own intentions
Havlíček, Ondřej ; Hvorecký, Juraj (advisor) ; Horáček, Jiří (referee)
This diploma thesis deals with the problem of free will and the reliability of an introspective access to action intentions. The traditional questions of free will, responsibility and determinism are currently receiving a lot of attention due to the advances in cognitive sciences. Because of various scientific findings, many authors claim that free will is just an illusion. The purpose of this study is to discuss traditional conceptualization of this topic and point out its problems. As an alternative, I am trying to suggest a compatibilistic theory of freedom and responsibility, which is internally coherent and compatible with scientific evidence. The core of my thesis is a replication and modification of a recent experimental study, investigating voluntary decision-making and an introspective access to one's own intentions. The participants of the experiment performed reflexive actions which they misjudged as intentional. The goal of the theoretical part of my thesis has been accomplished on the basis of examining a voluminous foreign literature. The method involves a philosophical analysis of concepts with an emphasis on contemporary scientific findings. In the empirical part of my work, results were obtained in a cognitive-psychological experiment involving reaction time and evoked potential data acquisition and their analysis. First, a discussion of concepts relevant to the problem of free will is undertaken. An explication of the most significant experiments that question traditional intuitions about the human mind and free will is then given. A detailed description of my experiment follows, including its results and implications. Finally, conclusions about the nature of free will and responsibility are made together with certain suggestions for both the criminal justice system and everyday situations. Although I base the theoretical part of my thesis on the results of many authors, I contribute to it to a substantial degree with my own opinions and arguments. The empirical study is the most significant contribution of mine as its realization demanded i.a. a development of a stimulus presentation software, execution of the experimental tasks with a relatively large number of subjects and a mathematical and statistical evaluation of the acquired data.
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Determinism in Masaryk's Philosophy
Srovnal, Jindřich
Masaryk's explicit accentuation on the ethic and on the part of moral values in human society, his accentuation of the weight of will to reach decisions in everyday human life could be connected (and it was by many authors really connected) with a philosophical indeterminism. The historical truth is different. Masaryk has avowed himself to be a philosophical determinist. For him the determinism signified the condition to attain the human aims, and at the same time - was a philosophical equivalent of synergism, i.e. the human cooperatin on fulfilling of God's intentions.
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Frequentist and Bayesian inference
Shykhmanter, Dmytro ; Vilikus, Ondřej (advisor) ; Hebák, Petr (referee)
The thesis provides both theoretical and practical comparison of frequentist and Bayesian methods of statistical inference. Comparing of these two concepts begins with describing the philosophy of probability theory. Also is introduced the problem of determinism as well as three main probability interpretations. Statistical inference is a process of making general conclusions based on a given evidence. The frequentist statistics uses the observed data as an only evidence for its conclusions, while the Bayesian one is based on an idea that the subjective degree of belief can be also used for these purposes. Why should one disregard to his experience, knowledge or even intuition? Often happens that results of statistical data analysis are useless in sense that they come out not as it is expected. This situation is illustrated when there are a number of ski resorts which are graded on five star scale. If we look to the top ten, we will find that some of those should not belong there, though the data says they do. Generally the top positions are occupied by the objects with fewer reviews, while those with more reviews get lower average score. Bayesian data analysis methods enable to eliminate this kind of problem. Based on a prior information about the whole data set, every ski resort would get a fair score and as the result, the model would better represent the quality of the each resort based on the respondents' reviews.
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