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Thyroid gland of calves
GRÉK, Miloš
There were thyroid glands of 4 calves examined in this work. Calves were of the Holstein breed and were observed during the first 3 months of their life. Investigated parameters included levels of thyroid hormones and their relation to TSH, age related changes in Ca, Mg, P, protein, urea, triglyceride and gamma-glutamyltransferase (GMT) levels in blood plasma, length, width and perimeter of follicles and height of follicular cells. Mean total T4 content was 72,56+-17,76 nmol/l, T3 3,22+-1,04 nmol/l and TSH 0,94+-0,32 ng/ml. There was a positive correlation between the hormones and their free forms, and between T3 and TSH. T4 level rose with age, while T3 level fell. Protein and urea content rose with age as well, triglyceride and GMT content dropped. Ca, Mg and P content was relatively stable during the whole experiment. A higher number of small and medium sized follicles were observed in the thyroid glands. Mean follicle length was 86,24+-45,36 microns. Follicular cells reached a mean height of 7,95+-1,30 microns. All of the follicular parameters were highly individual, except follicular cell height.
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Vliv kvality kolostra na pasivní imunizaci telat
HÁLOVÁ, Daniela
This bachelor thesis occupies with the impact of quality of colostrum on calf passive immunity. Colostral immunity represents important milestone in calf life which decides about immunity of organism in early phases of its life. The first part deals with the nutrition of calves, mainly focused to the colostral period. Diseases of digestive and respiratory tract which occur often in calves from birth to weaning and cause huge economic losses are characterized in the second part. Chapters in the third part describe methodes of evaluation of quality of colostrum and level of passive immunity in calves. The closing part describes results of study and recommendations related to the farm where this study was realized.
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The evaluation of passive immunization level in meat calves in selected breeding
KRUPKA, Martin
The aim of the thesis was to evaluate the influence of selected factors on the level of passive immunization of calves (expressed in total protein, g/l in blood serum) in selected beef cattle breeding. In the monitored period 2014-2016, a total of 205 samples of calf serum were evaluated. The selected factors were: the length of dry period and parity, colostrum quality, the time of first intake of colostrum after birth, the weight and sex of the calf. An adequate level of passive immunity was found in 90.2% of calves. This result was also reflected in low calf mortality rates in monitored years: 1.16% (2014), 1.15% (2015) and 1.23% (2016). At the level of passive immunization, the time of the first colostrum intake (P < 0,001), parity (P = 0,0002), colostrum quality (P = 0,0061) and the length of dry period (P = 0,0008) were the most important factors. The other evaluated factors (sex and birth weight of calves) were not statistically significant. Colostrum period management is essential for the rearing of healthy calves and profitability of breeding.
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Analýza etologického pozorování vybraných životních projevů telat
Hallová, Tereza
This bachelor theses describes and introduction into general ethology of cattle and special ethology of calves, the meaning of ethology in cattle breeding, ethological research methods, data collection and its assesment. It also describes senses of cattle such as vision, hearing and taste, smell and touch. The theses also explains the technology of breeding different age phases of calves - colostrum phase, milk feeding phase and plant feeding phase - and describes typical natural behavior of calves in each of these phases. The purpose of this theses is to find out how does the calves behavior change during their life as they get older. The observation has been performed in stages in times between 7am and 5pm and 10 calves containing of all age groups have been observed. The results were counted into avarage and visualized by graphs. These behaviors were examined: lying, standing, feeding, starter consumption, walking and other. It is obvious from the results that calves of age 0 to 6 months spend most of their life lying, in first days of their life up to 77 % of observed time. This behavior is lineary dropping down by increasing age and it is replaced by other behavior such as standing and feeding. In plant feeding phase these behaviors become almost equal and lying takes 27 % of time.
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Základní aspekty výživy a zdraví telat
MOTEJLEK, Miroslav
The diploma thesis deals with the nutrition of calves, especially about the importance of the colostrum period, which is important for the development of their immunity and then dairy period until weaning. Furthermore, the thesis deals with diarrheal diseases of calves. Calves were divided into three groups: one control group and two experimental groups. Experimental groups received dietary supplements. The first group received Lactovita and the second group of Homeopathic. The supplements were administered once a day for a second feeding for 28 days. Calves were weighed within two hours of birth and 60 days of weaning. Diarrhea has been reported in calves. The data was recorded in the table and then statistically evaluated. The data showed a moderate improvement in mean weight gain over 60 days for the Lactovita group compared to the control group by 0.24 kg and a decrease in the increase in the Homeopathic Test Group versus the control group by 1.69 kg. Furthermore, the results showed a slight improvement in the incidence of diarrhea in the Lactovita group compared to the control group by 7.68%. However, the results of the observations were not statistically proven. Thus, there is a lack of efficacy of feed additives administered or a low number of experimental animals on the incidence of diarrheal diseases and the weight gains in calves from the colostrum to weaning.
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Krmná aditiva ve výživě telat do odstavu
HOMOLOVÁ, Jana
Nutrition of calves to the weaning period is the most important part of the life of the calf, because poor nutrition at colostral and milky period shows signs of the poor feed on the vitality and appearance of the calf. The quality nutrition of animals contributes to their health and good performance. To support settlement of the gastrointestinal tract by appropriate bacteries are used feed additives, such are probiotics, prebiotics or symbiotics. This thesis deals with care of the calves, their nutrition, development of the digestive system and the rearing period. It also gives the brief overview of the feed additives and its practical use.
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Effect of prebiotics on survival of bifidobacteria in digestive tract
Štěrba, Vojtěch ; Vlková, Eva (advisor) ; Jitka, Jitka (referee)
The gastrointestinal microbiota of livestock is a complex and diverse ecosystem, which strongly depends and correlates with animals health. One of the many ways, how to improve the composition of this microbiota in the gastrointestinal tract, is application of probiotics, prebiotics or an appropriate combination called as synbiotics. Using subtle interventions can be achieved health benefits, increase
of some indicators livestock performance and improving the economic situation
of farming.
The aim of the thesis was to find out the effect of prebiotics on the currently applied probiotics and the composition of the intestinal microbiota. Three groups
of calves were studied. In the first one the mixture of five strains of rifampicin resistant variants of Bifidobacterium (RRBif): Bifidobacterium animalis ssp. animalis (2 strains), B. choerinum, B. thermophilum and B. longum ssp. suis was fed to 2 days old calves in a form of fermented milk. In the second group probiotics were adminestered together with prebiotics mixture contains fructooligosaccharides and galactooligosaccharides everyday. The third group without synbiotic treatment was used as a control. The numerous of main bacterial groups in gastrointestinal tract were determined by cultivation.
Our results showed that applied bacteria were able to survive the passage through the gastrointestinal tract of calves. Administered bacteria persist in counts more than 107 CFU/g in the group of calves, that were fed only by probiotics and in numbers 108 CFU/g in the group of calves, that were treated by synbiotics. Furthermore a slow decrease of bifidobacterial numbers to 104 CFU / g was observed in both groups. Significant difference (p = 0.05) between the count of RRBif in probiotic and synbiotic group were determined only two days after administration of that additive. Administration of probiotics and synbiotics to calves increased the count of naturally occurring bifidobacteria, but these differences were not significant.
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Performance recording in Charollais herd in organic farming
Rechnerová, Martina ; Toušová, Renata (advisor) ; Jan, Jan (referee)
The goal of the thesis was an evaluation of the growth rate of calfs since their birth up until to the 365th day of their life, and reproductive performance in a selected group of the Charolais cattle. Data was gathered from the results of a utility-control carried out by a selected farm (UFARM spol. s.r.o.) from 2009 to 2014. This farm has been operating in an ecological system since 2007. A total of 806 calves has been evaluated. Several factors were selected (sex, lifespan, breed frequency, order of fertilizations, development of delivery, breeding technique, year and month of birth of the calves) that were supposed to prove the influence on the calves' growth rate. From the reproductive factors the meantime, during which was the year's development observed and breeding technique were selected.
Statistical programme SAS 9.3, procedures MEANS, UNIVARIATE, REG, CORR, STEPWISE and MIXED were used to obtain results.
From the results of statistical evaluation, it was possible to prove, that delivery development is affected by weight on the level of significance P < 0,001. The insignificant influence on the growth until the age of 120 days (P < 0,05), weight in 210 days (P < 0,05) and growth until the age of 210 days (P < 0,05) was interesting as well. After observing the influence of the fertilization order on the calf's growth developement, it is fair to state that the order of fertilization has a strong influence only on the calf's weight during delivery (P < 0,001). Birth weight varied strongly in all of the listed fertilization orders (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 and higher) on the level of significance. Calfs born to a heifers weighed the least on average (43, 03 kg). On the contrary, the highest average weight of a newborn calves was observed by mothers that gave fourth (45, 68 kg), eighth and higher fertilization (45,69 kg).
The influence of sexual dimorphism on the development of all growth factors of calves is apparent from the results (weight and growth since birth to the 365th day of life) and benefits the males (bulls) with the level of sigficance P < 0,001. One year's influece has been proven on almost all of the calves' growth factors (weight and growth since birth to the age of 365 days) on the significance level P < 0,001. Further observation showed that year 2009 had no influence on weight in 120 days and growth up until 120 days. Years 2012 and 2013 had no influence on calves' weight at 365 days, as well as on growth at 365 days.
In 2014, on average highest, statistically proven values in all the monitored parameters. Furthermore, influence of the month, in which the calf was born, has been proven to have influence on weight at 210 days, growth at 210 days, growth (up to day 365) and weight at 365 days (P < 0,05). During further observation, statistically relevant differences depending on the month of birth have been recorded only in growth up to 210 days and in weight on day 365 (P < 0,05). The heaviest calves at the age of 365 were those born in March and, on the other hand, those born in April weighed the least. The chosen breeding technique influeced particularly the growth since birth (P < 0,01), weight at 210 days (P < 0,01) and growth until 210 days (P < 0,05). Less influenced is the weight at 120 days and growth up to 120 days of age. Except for the birth weight, the values of growth coefficients were higher in natural breeding. Analysis of results proved multiparity to be influetial on the calves' growth rate. Litter size influenced foremost the birth weight, weight at 120 and 210 days, and growth up to 120 days of age and 210 days of age on the significance level P < 0,01. A statistically less significant influence of the (litter size / breeding frequency) on the growth since birth and weight at 365 days was observed. All of the growth coefficients were higher in one offspring
(only child/calf).
The selected factors (calf's year of birth and fertilization method) had a statistically significant influence on the postpartum anestrus (P < 0,001). The duration of postpartum interval varied in all monitored years (2009/2014) on the significance level P < 0,01.
On average, the highest number of days had the postpartum interval in 2012 (379,60) and the least number of days had the 2009 postpartum interval (282,50). postpartum inverval duration is proven to be influenced by the breeding technique on the significance level P < 0,01.
Only in 2009 and in inseminated cows did the average length of the postpartum interval not meet the requirements set by breeding objective of the charoalais cattle.
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The analyse of Charollais catlle breeding
Šebestová, Eva ; Toušová, Renata (advisor) ; Stupka, Roman (referee)
The aim was to create a literary recherche about breeding of meat breeds and add to it a small rating sample of selected indicators of meat production in the selected Charolais herd. The values were determined based on regular weighting coming out of a yield control (birth weight, weight at 120 and 210 days of age). The results were processed into charts and tables disaggregated by sex to be clear.
The theoretical part is dedicated to the analysis of a breeding of Charolais meat herd. It focuses on the description of housing in summer and winter, nutrition of cows throughout a year, mating and calving of cows, general organization in a herd.
The monitored herd of Charolais meat breed belongs to the agricultural company, which is located in Telč near Jihlava. The main business is crop and livestock production. Crop production is mainly focused on cereals, oilseed rape and maize silage. In livestock production dominates breeding of a Holstein breed and milk production. Meat herd is located in the village Rozsíčka, which lies near Telč.
At the time of observation were in the herd in total 37 pieces, including 29 cows and 8 heifers. In a calving season 37 calves were born alive and a weighing was done on a total of 35 pieces in all age categories. From this number were 17 heifers and 18 bullocks.
Based on detected data individual weights were compared and leveled within the herd by sex and then compared with averages of an evaluated yield control over the country.
The average birth weight for heifers was 37 kg, which coincides with the national average of 37.4 kg and the average birth weight for bullocks is exactly equal to the average in the country, namely 40 kg.
The average weight recorded by heifers at 120 days of age was 176 kg and 186 kg by bulls. Both values are above average compared to the whole republic. At 210 days of age heifers with the average weight of 267 kg and bulls with 282 kg are below average of the republic. Daily gain from birth to 210 days of age was by heifers 1.1 kg and 1.16 kg by bulls.
Furthermore, number of births were avaluated in each month. Heifers were born mostly in April from the whole period, a total of 10 pieces. By bulls a number of births is distributed evenly among all months compared to heifers. Overall, it can be determined that the greatest frequency of calving falls on the first third of summer feast, especially on April.
From the results is meat yield of the herd rated as above average. The main influence on the achieved values has a culling which is consistently performed for fertility, easiness of births, milkiness of mothers. Further, from a smaller herd point of view it is assured enough of quality food throughout a year.
From a reproduction point of view a very long period of time falls on a calving and that impairs an organization of a breeding.
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ZÁKLADNÍ ASPEKTY VÝŽIVY TELAT
CHUDOBOVÁ, Monika
The thesis is about overview of feeding the calves. It briefly summarizes the growth of the calf from the prenatal period through delivery towards areas related to nutrition of each separated calf category. Mainly it is about colostrum food, milk and plant nutrition. This thesis also includes a chapter about animal food additives which are nowadays indispensable part of feed rations in nutrition of calves.
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