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Causes of Effects and Effects of Causes
Zemánková, Lucie ; Maciak, Matúš (advisor) ; Antoch, Jaromír (referee)
The thesis deals with an associative and causal relationship between two different random phenomena and presents basic statistical methods for investigation of these relationships. Firstly it focuses on demonstrating the association between phenomena and shows that finding a causal relation between phenomena requires appropriate randomization of the system or intervention in the system. After intervening in the system, it is no longer possible to observe all situations, so-called counterfactual observation, but the causal relationship can still be demonstrated using appropriate technical procedures and theoretical assumptions. The thesis further summarizes different ways of representation of causal structures, first by means of graphs, where basic methods of estimating the causal structure are presented, and later by structural equations that already capture the quantitative measure of causal relations.
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CEE & SEE Markets Macro-Fundamental Analysis
Poštulková, Jitka ; Polyák, Oliver (advisor) ; Cahlík, Tomáš (referee)
The aim of this thesis is to verify and analyse presumed relations between selected macro-fundamentals, namely USD exchange rate, production index, interbank offered rate, inflation, money supply and two exogenous indices ( Standard & Poor's 500 and EURO STOXX 50), and CEE (Austria, Czech Republic, Poland, Hungary) or SEE (Bulgaria, Croatia, Slovenia, Romania) financial markets over the period from December 1995 to December 2015. In order to test the long-run cointegration relationships between studied markets and the set of macroeconomic variables, the Engle-Granger and Johansen tests are applied. The vector error correction model is used to confirm the long-run equilibrium interlinkages and the results show similar trend tendencies between stock indices and some of the macro-fundamentals in Croatia, Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland and Romania. To verify the short-run causal linkages, the Granger causality test is employed. Based on retrieved findings, the efficiency of studied markets with respect to Efficient Market Theory is reviewed. Our findings reveal several pairwise short-run causal impacts between studied macroeconomic indicators and stock indices. The only indicator which does not impact any stock market is the interbank offered rate. Moreover, according to our results, all CEE&SEE stock...
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The Naturalization of Consciousness and the Meaning of Subjectivity
Toráčová, Pavla ; Moural, Josef (advisor) ; Hill, James (referee) ; Marvan, Tomáš (referee)
The thesis deals with the problem of the existence of consciousness in the physical world. It denies the approach that is prevailing in the contemporary philosophy of mind that treats the phenomenal consciousness and intentionality separately. The position held in this thesis is to claim that the phenomenal character of consciousness and intentionality are inseparable and that it is impossible to understand the former without understanding the latter, and vice versa. The problem of the existence of consciousness in the physical world is viewed as the problem of the existence of (conscious) intentionality in the physical world. With the aim to achieve an analysis of intentionality that would keep its phenomenal character and the first person point of view, and, at the same time, shed light on its realization in the physical world, thoughts of Peter Strawson, G. E. M. Anscombe, Tim Crane, Colin McGinn and John Searle are discussed. The result is an outline of intentionality that allows to explain the fundamental level of intentionality as a physical process and the higher levels of intentionality as a development of the fundamental level. Two principles are crucial for this approach: the development of intentionality from the fundamental level to the higher level is comprehensible only if we keep the...
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Spinoza's Concept of the Individual
Petříček, Jan ; Palkoska, Jan (advisor) ; Švec, Ondřej (referee)
The aim of the proposed thesis is a partial reconstruction of Spinoza's theory of the individual. This theory can be found in Spinoza's Ethics and consists of three components: namely, Spinoza's doctrines of singular essences, of physical individuals and of conatus. In this thesis, we focus on the doctrine of conatus; however, since the three conceptions are tightly connected, the doctrines of physical individuals and of singular essences will be briefly touched upon as well. The starting point of our thesis is the following problem: Spinoza simultaneously uses multiple terms to designate conatus - and those terms seem, at least at the first sight, to have very different meanings. Specifically speaking, Spinoza identifies conatus with "power of acting", "force of existing" and "actual essence". First, we present a brief explanation of meanings of those terms and subsequently we attempt to reconcile them. In order to be able to do so, we expound Spinoza's doctrine of essences in more detail; afterwards we show that the aforementioned terms can indeed be reconciled if conatus is understood as force by which an essence produces its necessary properties. In the next step, however, we discover that this conception of conatus is not yet wholly adequate, because it disregards the fact that an essence can...
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Damages under the United Nations Convention on contracts for the international Sale of Goods
Veselý, Tomáš ; Dobiáš, Petr (advisor) ; Brodec, Jan (referee)
The recent decades have seen a steady growth of international trade of goods. In order to harmonize the legal environment concerning this materia, attempts for unification of international sales law have been made. In the field of sales of goods, several international instruments have been adopted. These include the (unsuccessful) Convention relating to a Uniform Law on the International Sale of Goods, the model laws, i.e. the UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts and the Principles of European Contract Law, and, most notably, the UN Convention on Contracts for the International Sales of Goods (CISG). This master's thesis aims to explore one type of remedies for non-performance under the CISG, namely provisions on damages. In a great detail, articles 74, 77, 79 and 80 will be analysed. First, a detailed commentary on two major prerequisites for liability for damages, i.e. causation and foreseeability, will be given. The various factual and legal causation theories will be described. Then it will be demonstrated why it is just and useful that the CISG contains a provision for limiting liability to foreseeable loss and how foreseeability is measured. We will then move to another method of limiting damages - mitigation rule. It will be shown why it is in the aggrieved party's best...
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Kant and Husserl on Transcendental Character of Experience
Trnka, Jakub ; Moural, Josef (advisor) ; Karásek, Jindřich (referee) ; Novotný, Karel (referee)
The aim of the thesis is to examine both Husserl's and Kant's transcendentalism in a way that would avoid the tendency to put the main accent on Husserl, which is an approach common to almost all literature dealing with this topic so far. Since it is for the most part Husserl's own critique of Kant that inspires such ongoing underestimation of Kant in comparison to Husserl, this work focuss on the question of the legitimacy of this critique. The core of the thesis is an original interpretation of Kant's transcendental philosophy which, instead of taking for granted the phenomenological point of view, attempts to describe Kant's philosophical enterprise from its own perspective and in its own right. In its second part, the thesis provides a brief description of how Husserl, starting initially from the position of descriptive psychology, arrives at a transcendental dimension. When so put side by side, it becomes evident that the two transcendental positions are in fact very different. Husserl's critique of Kant then appears as unjustified, even though quite understandable as an attempt to draw back from certain immature motives of his own philosophy.
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Philosophy of extreme voluntarism (Schopenhauer) and its influence on later authors (Friedrich Nietzche and Ladislav Klima)
LASTOMIRSKÁ, Jana
The work deals with the extreme voluntarism and his influence on later authors. First, is the work of Schopenhauer explained the concept of the metaphysical will. Here is insights will primarily as a form of objectification and the closest is served objectification of the body, understood as object.In next section, this will monitored in philosophy of Ladislav Klíma and his idea of egodeism. For Klíma however, metaphysical will lose its transcendent ability and insight from a purely subjective point of view. The last part is mentioned Friedrich Nietzsche, whose theory of the will to power and the death of God, could be an inspiration for the Klíma's idea of egodeism.
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Graphical models in statistics and econometrics
Hubálek, Ondřej ; Zouhar, Jan (advisor) ; Bisová, Sára (referee)
Graphical models in statistics and econometrics provide capability to describe causal relations using causal graph in classical regression analysis and others econometric tools. Goal of this thesis is description of causal modelling of time series with help of structural models of vector autoregression. There is description of procedure of building structural VAR model, principle of graphical models and building model for causal dependence analysis. For purpose of comparison there are used data from both USA and Czech Republic and comparison of similar models for both countries is presented. Best models are then selected, to show causal relations between macroeconomic variables. For purpose of analysis, impulse-response functions are used to show impact of demand shock on GDP and other macro indicators.
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