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Importance and impact of phthalates during peritoneal dialysis and current possibilities of their replacement
Nohelová, Gabriela ; Zlámalová Gargošová, Helena (referee) ; Čáslavský, Josef (advisor)
This thesis deals with the importance and influence of phthalates in peritoneal dialysis (PD) and the current possibilities of their replacement. The information about phthalates – esters of phthalic acid - was completed with focus on the most commonly used plasticizer in medical material, bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) and its effects on the human organism and the environment. The possibilities of substitution of PVC in peritoneal dialysis were searched and their advantages and disadvantages were evaluated. As the evidence of phthalates absorbed by the human body in carrying out peritoneal dialysis selected studies performed in Germany and in our country, dealing with this issue, were used. High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with UV detection at 224 nm or gas chromatography - mass spectrometry (GC / MS) was used here for the determination of phthalates in the blood and dialysate in peritoneal dialysis. Extraction of sample with the suitable solvent and purification of the extract predates the actual analytical determination of sample.
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Study of selected antibiotics sorption on polyhydroxybutyrate
Amrichová, Anna ; Doležalová Weissmannová, Helena (referee) ; Řezáčová, Veronika (advisor)
The bachelor thesis deals with the issue of sorption of antibiotics on microplastics. Antibiotics and microplastics are now a highly studied topic, due to the positive and negative properties. Antibiotics with groups of sulfonamides and quinolones were selected for the experiment. From sulfonamides, sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim were selected, and from the quinolones, enrofloxacin and ciprofloxacin, which have already been the impetus for some microplastic studies. Biodegradable polyhydroxybutyrate was used as the microplastic. Two experiments were performed in the laboratory. The first aimed to monitor the time dependence of antibiotic sorption on polyhydroxybutyrate, the second the concentration. The concentration dependence was subsequently evaluated using the Freundlich and Langmuir isotherms. The method of liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry was used for analyzes.
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Application of separation methods with mass spectrometric detection for the study of degradation products of new polymeric materials
Čumová, Martina ; Vávrová, Milada (referee) ; Čáslavský, Josef (advisor)
Synthetic polymer materials have been a part of human life since the 20th century. A variety of their use had resulted in a growing demand for their mass production, which then led to their increasing accumulation at waste dumps. After their deposition, these materials are exposed to many environmental factors causing their decomposition and subsequent release of the degradation products into the environment. This thesis is focused on the analysis of the photodegradation products from synthetic polymer materials and particularly polyurethane foams modified with the biodegradable fillers. One dimensional GC/MS and two dimensional comprehensive gas chromatography with time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GCxGC/TOF-MS ) were used for the measurements. The most of photodegradation products of polyurethane foams are injurious to health and environment.
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Possibilities of identification of flavonoids in environmental matrixes
Magdechová, Andrea ; Zlámalová Gargošová, Helena (referee) ; Vávrová, Milada (advisor)
Inherent part of plants are active substances; flavonoids belong to this group. They are used in medicine, cosmetics and they shloud be a part of our diet because of their positive effects. This bachelor thesis is focused on the identification of flavonoids in selected types of coniferous trees and moss. Pines, firs and spruces were selected as the representants of coniferous trees, together with mosses Polytrichum formosum and Rhytidiadelphus subpinnatus. Flavonoids were isolated using liquid-liquid extraction and identified using thin layer chromatography and high-performance liquid chromatography.
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Assessment of contamination of sewage sludge from wastewater treatment plant by drug residuals
Dvořáková, Petra ; Stoupalová, Michaela (referee) ; Vávrová, Milada (advisor)
The aim of diploma thesis was finding of the method for the determination of drug residua in sewage sludge from wastewater treatment plant. Selected sulfonamide and diaminopyrimidine antibiotics, which are used in human and veterinary medicine, were selected as target comopounds. They are discharged to the sewer systems together with the urine and faeces and enter the sewage treatment plant, where they are not completely removed. They can be found in treated waste water or in sewage sludge. They can enter to the environment, where they can induce negative effects on organisms in soil and water ecosystem. An optimized method was used for identification and determination of these antibiotics in real samples from the large-scale waste water treatment plant in Brno-Modřice and from the waste water treatment plant situated in the area of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical University Brno. Antibiotics were extracted from sewage sludge by ultrasonic and by pressure solvent extraction (PSE). Waste water and sewage sludge real samples were concentrated and cleaned by solid phase extraction (SPE). For determination these antibiotics high performance liquid chromatography with diode array detector (HPLC - DAD) was used.
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Determination of TauroLock stability
Matejčíková, Eva ; Mravcová, Ludmila (referee) ; Čáslavský, Josef (advisor)
This diploma thesis deals with the study of the anticoagulant and antimicrobial agent TauroLockTM, which is manufactured by the german company TauroPharm GmbH. Based on the background research and taking into account the equipment of analytical laboratories of the Institute of Chemistry and Technology of Environmental Protection, optimal methods of analysis were proposed and a series of experiments were carried out which focused on the determination of the active substance and degradation products of taurolidine in TauroLockTM which was stored for a certain period of time in real conditions. The main task of this work was to determine the presence of taurolidine as the active substance and formaldehyde as the undesirable product of its decomposition.
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Use of selected toxicity tests on organisms Eisenia fetida in assessing ecosystem contamination by selected drugs.
Kašpárková, Petra ; Vávrová, Milada (referee) ; Zlámalová Gargošová, Helena (advisor)
Constantly increasing consumption of drugs leads to the increase of the concentration of residues in various environmental compartments. For this reason the drug residues are nowadays classified as significant environmental contaminants. The drug residues enter the soil along with the application of sewage sludge either as a fertilizer or during fertilizing by animal excrements excreted after drug administration, eventually by direct contamination from treated grazing animals. The presence of these substances in soil has got negative impact on the sensitive soil ecosystem. The diploma thesis aims to evaluation of possible soil contamination with selected drugs through ecotoxicity tests. For this purpose sulfonamide chemotherapeutic agents, which are often used in veterinary medicine, were chosen, specifically sulfamethoxazole and sulfamethazin. Eartworms (Lumbricus) were selected as suitable test representative soil organism. In the experimantal part of this work the avoidance test according to ISO 17512-1 and modified bioaccumulation test according to OECD 317 methodology were performed. Bioaccumulation substances in oligochaetes, for which the artificial soil was prepared according to OECD 207 methodology, which was subsequently contaminated with above specified drugs. Although according to the results of determination of these substances there is no significant bioaccumulation in eartworms‘ tissue, these organisms are very responsive to the presence of contaminants in the soil environment. This is evident from the results of avoidance tests.
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Portable and Miniaturized Separation Techniques Applicable for Food and Biotechnology Analysis
Dvořák, Miloš ; Pospíchal, Jan (referee) ; Bednář,, Petr (referee) ; Rittich, Bohuslav (advisor)
Capillary electrophoresis was used for determination of 6 fractions of caseins. Those fractions were measured in 144 samples of cow’s milk originated from the feeding experiment focused on explanation the influence of the feeding onto casein productions. In this work were separated 6 fraction of caseins first time with total resolution of the peaks. Capillary electrophoresis was applied for determination of short-chain organic acids during fermentation of wine must. It was compared the fermentation of must fermented by different yeast. The difference of profile short-chain organic acids during fermentation were not statistically significant. The once difference was in the utilisation of the malic acid and production of the lactic acid. A portable miniaturized system for medium pressure liquid chromatography was developed. The components were tested and system was used for the isocratic and gradient elution of various analytes (food dyes, parabens). New line of electroluminescent diodes (LEDs) for deep-UV areas of wavelength based on a different materials substrate was characterised. The new line was compared with old line LEDs. The new line LEDs was incorporated in deep-UV absorbance detectors. Detectors were characterised and tested for a detection various analytes in modes flow injection analysis and chromatography separation. First time was characterised this new line of the LEDs and the origin of the parasitic emission band produced by deep-UV LEDs light sources was explained. This origin is given by disturbances of a materials substrates. This work is a contribution for an advance of low-cost and portable systems and detection devices in the field of analytical chemistry.
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The issue of determining antidepressants
Kočnar, Michal ; Tulková, Tereza (referee) ; Vávrová, Milada (advisor)
The presented bachelor thesis is focused on the issue of antidepressants and the determination of two of their representatives, paroxetine and citalopram, in sewage taken from three municipal waste water treatment plants. In the theoretical part of this study, antidepressants are generally characterized, more specifically two representatives of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, paroxetine and citalopram. Subsequently, the methods of determination of these analytes in waste water are presented. The experimental part deals with determination of selected substances in real samples of waste water. The analytes were isolated from the matrix by solid phase extraction and determined by ultra performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet spectrophotometric detection. Paroxetine was quantified in all samples, citalopram was not able to quantify, in some samples even to detect.
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