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The influence of the amount of sulfates on the formation of ettringite in cement-concrete covers
Mrhálková, Leona ; Palovčík, Jakub (referee) ; Opravil, Tomáš (advisor)
This bachelor´s thesis is focused on the influence of the amount of sulfates on the formation of ettringite in cement-concrete covers. For the experiments, samples of cement pastes, mortars, and concretes in the form of small beams were created. Cements of class CEM I 42.5 R – SC were used as the binder. In some mixtures, gypsum from the production of titanium dioxide was added as an additional source of sulfates. To assess the impact of ettringite formation on the properties of the samples, strength tests of the prepared materials were conducted, followed by CHRL tests. The results of these experiments were subsequently confirmed by XRD and EDX analyses along with images from a scanning electron microscope.
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Influencing the pozzolanic reaction of silica fume in a high-performance cementitious composite
Všetečka, Tomáš ; Šoukal, František (referee) ; Novotný, Radoslav (advisor)
This work deals with the effect of cement hydration and pozzolanic reaction of a high-perfomrance cement composite containing Portland cement and silica fume as binder. Concentrations of 0,5; 1,0; 2,0 and 4,0 wt.% of calcium ions to the binder were chosen to observe the effect. The selected compounds were calcium oxide (CaO), calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2), calcium formate (CF), calcium nitrate tetrahydrate (CN) and calcium chloride (CC). Calorimetric measurements showed that the optimum water to binder ratio was 0.4. Due to the lower workability, no high-performance cement composites were prepared but only pastes of high-performance cement composite. The effect of the added compounds on the silica fume-containing system was evaluated by isothermal calorimetry, with only samples containing CaO or Ca(OH)2 showing a measurable response. The effect of the added compounds on the silica fume containing system was evaluated by isothermal calorimetry. Subsequently, the effect of 4,0 wt.% Ca2+ in the CF, CN and CC forms on the system containing silica fume and 1,0 wt.% Ca2+ in the CaO or Ca(OH)2 form was evaluated using the R3 test. Isothermal calorimetry was also applied to paste samples containing cement and silica fume as a binder system, where a significant effect on the length of the induction period, on the value of the minimum heat flux in the induction period and on the value of the maximum heat flux in the main hydration peak was observed, especially for the compounds CF, CN and CC. The flexural tensile and compressive strengths of the paste samples were determined at 1, 3, 7 and 28 days after the start of hydration. The highest influence on the three-point bending tensile strength was again observed for compounds CF, CN and CC, with samples reaching significantly lower values than the reference (this was probably due to insufficient dissolution of the compounds). A lower influence on the flexural tensile strengths was observed for the oxide and calcium hydroxide samples. In the case of compressive strengths, there was a significant increase for CF, CN and CC compounds at 0,5 wt.% and 1,0 wt.% Ca2+ concentrations. In the thermal analysis and diffractometry results, a trend of loss of portlandite at the expense of CSH gel was observed for samples containing 4,0 wt.% Ca2+ in compounds CF, CN and CC. Thus, the added compounds probably influenced the kinetics of cement hydration so much that the silica fume had more time for pozzolanic reaction.
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Influence of calcined clays on the properties of cement pastes
Florian, Vojtěch ; Šilerová, Iva (referee) ; Šiler, Pavel (advisor)
V této práci byl studován vliv kalcinovaných jílů na vlastnosti portlandského cementu. Jíly a jílové materiály jsou studovány již mnoho let, přičemž nejvíce studovaný jíl je kaolín a kalcinovaný kaolín. Avšak kvůli změnám ekonomické situace původně levné materiály, např kaolín, zdražily. Vzhledem k důležitosti ekonomické stránky byly v této práci používany primárně jílové materály, které by bylo možné považovat za odpadní. Studovali jsme směs přírodních a syntetických jílů získaných z okolí Brna v České Republice, což je region bohatý na ložiska jílů. Tyto jíly byly analyzovány, kalcinovány, pomlety a byla u nich změřena pucolánová aktivita. Nově schválená norma ČSN EN 197-5 povoluje až 65% náhradu cementu jinými materiály, např jíly, což je téměř dvojnásobek v porovnání s původní maximální náhradou 35 %. Z toho důvodu byly v této práci připraveny cementovo-jílové směsi s až 70% obsahem jílu. Bylo zjištěno, že cementovo-jílové směsi s 60% obsahem jílu vykazovaly mechanické vlastnosti přinejhorším srovnatelné s referenčním vzorkem portlandského cementu, v některých případech měly tyto směsi dokonce lepší mechanické vlastnosti. Směsi s obsahem jílu kolem 30-40 % měly všeobecně lepší mechanické vlastnosti než referenční vzorek. Ze studovaných materiálů měly směsi připravené z jílu z opuštěné cihelny nejlepší ohybovou pevnost. Při stáří 28 dní měly směsi až o 60% vyšší ohybovou pevnost než referenční vzorek. Nejvyšší tlakovou pevnost vykazovaly cementovo-jílové směsi připravené z glaukonitického jílu. S rostoucím obsahem jílu tlaková pevnost klesala. V 90 dnech při 10% obsahu jílu měla směs o 60 % vyšší pevnost než referenční vzorek. Při 60% obsahu jílu byla pevnost ve srovnání s referenčním vzorkem o 26,5 % vyšší. Použití těchto cementovo-jílových směsí se zdá být slibné díky dobrým mechanickým vlastnostem a z ekonomického a ekologického hlediska. Tyto cementovo-jílové směsi by mohly snížit emise oxidu uhličitého a zároveň být levnější než portlandský cement.
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Pozzolanic Activity of Silicon Dioxide
Barek, Jaroslav ; Žižková, Nikol (referee) ; Rovnaníková, Pavla (advisor)
The aim of this bachelor's thesis is to investigate and identify the present status of resources with dominant amorphous silicon dioxide content and summarize feasible test methods to assess pozzolanic activity. The use of pozzolan as a partial replacement of Portland cement reduces the carbon dioxide emitted per tonne of product and can also improve various physical properties of the resulting cementitious composites. Assessment of the pozzolanic activity of cement replacement materials is increasingly important because of the economic sustainability of cementing materials. The pozzolanic activity of wheat straw ash, silica fume, nanosilica, two diatomites, glass powder and expanded perlite have been investigated and compared using the strength activity index test, the modified Chapelle test and the pozzolanicity test in accordance with the European Standard EN 196-5. From an experimental investigation of seven different pozzolans, the following main conclusions can be drawn. In the case of an acid-base titration (determination of [OH–], the procedure specified in EN 196-5) is better to use Tashiro (mixed indicator) instead of required methyl orange, Tashiro changes color at the endpoint of a titration distinctly. Strength activity index: the procedure used was based on EN 450-1. In its current form, this procedure is misleading because of two other significant properties of the pozzolan, namely its density and its water-reducing/increasing capabilities. Based on the results of our experimental investigation, the current testing procedure is evaluated against an alternative in which the 25% pozzolan replacement for cement is performed on a volumetric basis and the volume fraction of water is held constant.
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The admixtures which are influencing setting time of portland cement
Hlaváček, Jaroslav ; Kalina, Lukáš (referee) ; Opravil, Tomáš (advisor)
During the production of concrete is important the careful selection of raw materials. Nowadays, we are trying in the production to minimize the economic burden and to maximize the use of secondary raw materials. This work is focused on the use of secondary raw materials from the energy industry in construction for the preparation of hydraulic binders. As the main raw materials were used different power plant fly ash from fluidized combustion. The composition of these secondary materials is quite different from conventional high-temperature ash, due to mixing with water they solidify and harden. Experiments were performed with three lodge fly ash from electrostatic precipitators of the fluidized combustion and one high-temperature fly ash. This work is focused on the possibility of monitoring the use of these secondary materials in construction, especially when tests were evaluated characteristics of strength and speed of setting and hardening.
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Synthetic Preparation and Properties of Thaumasite
Klásková, Silvie ; Dvořák, Karel (referee) ; Fridrichová, Marcela (advisor)
This thesis continues in the monitoring of thaumasite thermodynamic stability. It mainly deals with mineral properties and possible ways of its synthetic preparation. Mineralogical composition determined using X-ray diffraction analysis as well as possible impact of sample storage conditions can help further property identification. Based on the obtained radiographs, thaumasite mineral can be well distinguished from the very similar ettringite mineral.
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Infusorial Earth - Reactive Admixture for Cement Composites
Zimmermann, Štěpán ; Žižková, Nikol (referee) ; Rovnaníková, Pavla (advisor)
The aims of this bachelor´s thesis are the properties and the use of diatomaceous earth as a partial replacement of cement in concrete. It provides information about the origin of diatomaceous earth, sedimentation of dead diatoms and variety of algae, including chemical and physical properties of the diatoms according to origin. The paper also contains information about significant deposits of diatoms, the manner and intensity of mining, including treatment of raw diatomaceous earth for further use. The main use of diatomaceous earth is in the filtration, which represents more than half of total consumption. An important factor for use in building is a high content of amorphous SiO2 and associated pozzolana activity of diatomaceous earth. The experimental part was carried out research on the influence of diatomaceous earth as pozzolanic admixtures on the properties of cement mortars. Tested specimens were obtained by adding 10% diatomaceous earth by weight of cement in the cement mortars. As admixtures were use three diatomaceous earth of different chemical composition, particle size and pozzolanic activity. The evaluated parameters were mortar density, flexural and compressive strength. The microsture of mortars were also observed. Test results were compared with those determined by reference mortars.
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