|
|
Forensic Odorology
Kosová, Lenka ; Dvořák, Marek (advisor) ; Šelleng, Dalibor (referee)
Forensic odorology Abstract The topic of this thesis is forensic odorology. Attention is paid mainly to the method of olfactory identification, which uses the olfactory abilities of service dogs. This method allows to achieve individual identification of a person and therefore it is currently the only method of odour identification used by law enforcement authorities in criminal investigations and is also recognised as a means of evidence in criminal proceedings. The aim of this thesis is to describe and analyse the method of odour identification, both from a criminalistic and criminal law perspective. The thesis has two sub-objectives. The first sub-objective is to describe, analyse and critically evaluate the procedures used in the securing of scent traces, in the taking of an odour sample of a person and in the comparison. The second sub-objective is an analysis of the legal regulation of the method of odour identification as a means of evidence in criminal proceedings, a critical evaluation of this legal regulation and also an analysis of the court case law concerning the method of odour identification. The research methods used in this thesis are mainly description and analysis. The thesis is divided into four parts. The first part deals with the concept of forensic odorology, its classification within...
|
|
|
New procedures for autonomous analyses of dried blood spots by capillary electrophoresis
Profousová, Sylvie ; Glatz, Zdeněk (referee) ; Dvořák, Miloš (advisor)
Collection of capillary blood in the form of dry blood spot (DBS) samples on cellulose sampling cards has been popular in clinical analysis for some time. However, in the diagnosis and monitoring of metabolic disorders and diseases, target analytes (e.g. inorganic and organic ions) are examined from blood plasma or serum. Determination of the target analytes from capillary blood or DBS samples is not the standard and reference values are not available due to the different composition of plasma/serum vs. capillary blood. Moreover, DBS sorbents have been found to release several ions into DBS eluates resulting in their contamination and, together with the effect of blood hematocrit and retention of target analytes, can adversely affect the quantitative analysis of DBS samples. For these reasons, this thesis addresses the design of an alternative concept for DBS collection that would eliminate the use of sampling sorbents and ensure the collection of a defined and precise volume of blood. The experimental part focuses on the determination of selected inorganic and organic ions (NH4+, K+, Na+, Ca2+, Mg2+, Cl, NO3, NO2, SO42, formate, lactate, and acetate) by capillary electrophoresis with capacitively coupled contactless conductivity detection (CE-C4D) in various DBS samples. All these ions are present in blood at different concentrations and can be simultaneously released as contaminants from the DBS sorbents. A non-porous polypropylene vial was used for the novel sorbentless DBS collection. A small drop of blood of defined volume (e.g. 5 l) was transferred into this vial and then dried directly therein. The selected vial is suitable for both direct DBS elution and DBS eluate analysis and is fully compatible with autosamplers of commercial CE instruments. The proposed concept of the sorbentless blood collection eliminated unwanted contamination and proved suitable for the determination of the tested cations and anions. The stability of anions was generally lower than that of cations but was still significantly better compared to standard DBS sampling sorbents. Determination of some anions appeared to be acceptable only within 0–48 hours after drying of the sorbentless DBS samples (stored at laboratory temperature), as there was a continuous increase in their content. This was probably due to microbial degradation of the blood matrix. It was confirmed that this increase could be slowed down by storing sorbentless DBS samples at low temperatures. Different blood sampling procedures have been proposed for sorbentless DBS collection that are simple, economical, convenient, and repeatable and are therefore suitable for patient-centric blood sampling as well as for sampling in medical centers. This is a basic pilot study applied only to selected analytes that served as model examples, nevertheless, based on this thesis, more extensive scientific studies will follow up to further develop the new concept of sorbentless DBS collection.
|
|
|
New technologies for biometric recognition based on hand characteristics
Dvořák, Michal ; Jadlovský, Ján (referee) ; Marcialis, Gian Luca (referee) ; Drahanský, Martin (advisor)
Biometrie nám umožňuje identifikovat či verifikovat osoby na základě jejich fyzických vlastností. Přestože identifikace samotná je velmi rychlá, extrakce zvolené biometrie v reálném světě je netriviální problém. Pro snímání většího množství lidí, například na letišti, potřebujeme dosáhnout snímání a rozpoznání v co nejkratším čase, ideálně za chůze uživatele. Tato disertační práce se zabývá vývojem bezdotykového a tedy hygienického biometrického systému, který je schopen provést extrakci identifikačních charakteristik ruky a následně rozpoznat uživatele za běhu. Spolu s tím práce obsahuje další systémy a algoritmy potřebné pro řešení tohoto komplexního problému. Práce prezentuje současný stav výzkumu a vývoje v oblasti biometrické identifikace na základě vybraných charakteristik, se zaměřením na identifikaci pomocí geometrie ruky a otisků prstů. Dále se pak v2nuje technologickým principům využitých pro sběr těchto biometrických charakteristik. Dle disertačních cílů, formulovaných na základě rešerše, se praktická část této práce zabývá vývojem biometrických systémů pro použití k identifikaci velkého množství lidí za běhu, pro které většina současných biometrických systémů založených na charakteristikách ruky nejsou vhodné. Dále pak se práce zabývá souvisejícími problémy, zejména pak detekcí prezentačního útoku a biometrickou multimodalitou.
|
|
|
Crime of murder and killing under Section 140 and 141 of the Czech Criminal Code
Krůčková, Adéla ; Hořák, Jaromír (advisor) ; Dvořák, Marek (referee)
The title of the thesis: Crime of murder and manslaughter under section 140, 141 of the Criminal Code Abstract: This master's thesis focuses on the analysis of the crimes of murder and manslaughter under sections 140 and 141 of Act No. 40/2009 Coll., The Criminal Code. The aim of this work is a comprehensive analysis of both of these crimes and their differentiation in judicial practice, utilizing available professional literature and case law. The thesis is structured into four chapters. The first chapter describes the historical development and gradual changes in the regulation of intentional killings, ranging from the period of the first Czechoslovak Republic to the adoption of the current Criminal Code. The second chapter is dedicated to the analysis of intentional killings under the current legal framework, specifically the crimes of murder and manslaughter. These crimes are characterized in the thesis by the elements of their factual constitutions, which are thoroughly examined. The chapter distinguishes between simple murder and premeditated murder. Attention is also given to circumstances governing the application of a higher penalty. The preparation of murder is explored, as well as the delineation between mere contemplation or expression of the idea to commit the crime of murder and...
|
|
|
Culpability in criminal law
Patrman, Aleš ; Pelc, Vladimír (advisor) ; Dvořák, Marek (referee)
Culpability in Criminal Law The subject of this diploma thesis is culpability in criminal law. One of fundamental principles of criminal law is the principle of nullum crimen sine dolus vel culpa. According to this principle, criminal liability for a criminal offence arises only if it was committed culpably. Culpability is an obligatory element of the subjective aspect of a criminal offence and can be described as a person's internal psychological relationship to the circumstances that give rise to the offence. The thesis itself is divided into seven chapters. In the first chapter, I focus generally on the conditions of criminal liability. In this chapter I also look at the subjective aspect of a criminal offence and its facultative elements, which include motive and purpose. In the second chapter I present the difference between fault and culpability, which is a broader term. The third chapter is aimed at the evolution of criminal law in the Czech Republic, with regard to the regulation of culpability. The chapter is divided into individual time periods, according to the adoption of individual penal codes. The fourth chapter focuses on the general concept of culpability. First, I look more closely at the principle of liability for fault. The remainder of the chapter is devoted to the individual...
|
|
|
Methodology of murder investigation with the focus on the use of trace evidence
Krobová, Michaela ; Musil, Jan (advisor) ; Dvořák, Marek (referee)
Methodology of murder investigation with the focus on the use of trace evidence Abstract The thesis deals with the investigation of murder as one of the most serious forms of crime. After a general definition of the investigative methodology, the text focuses on the issue of trace evidence and its use in criminal proceedings, including potential challenges associated with it. Firstly, the current legal regulation of homicides in the Czech Criminal Code is briefly discussed. This is followed by a section devoted to statistics on the number of registered murders and the clearance rate, which are compiled annually by the Police of the Czech Republic, with a brief commentary. The investigative methodology of murder is initially introduced in general terms, followed by a description of its selected components. Attention is focused on the crime scene examination process, the examination of the corpse and the forensic autopsy, as these are crucial initial tasks through which police authority obtains valuable information. The remaining parts of the thesis focus on the forensic specifics of trace evidence, its collection and examination, interpretation, and procedural value, with emphasis on some of its limits. The thesis concludes with the elaboration of a murder case, demonstrating insights from previous sections,...
|
|
|
Criminal Investigation and Intelligence Gathering - the Future Prospects of Criminal Procedure and the Regulation of NCOZ and BIS
Mašek, Richard ; Šelleng, Dalibor (advisor) ; Dvořák, Marek (referee)
Criminal Investigation and Intelligence Gathering - the Future Prospects of Criminal Procedure and the Regulation of NCOZ and BIS Abstract The paper examines the legal and practical issues of deeper cooperation and coordination between NCOZ and BIS, two primary bodies responsible for the domestic security, counterintelligence and counter-organized crime in the Czech Republic. The aim of the paper is to present a brief and comprehensive, yet complex list of issues which is based on a thorough research. These issues must be tackled and resolved by the legislator in case any deeper cooperation and coordination of BIS and NCOZ is to be considered in the future. First, the paper looks at the alarming increase in modern organized crime rates. The paper considers this trend to be a real and present national security threat which justifies innovative legislative steps. Complex criminal cases, like DOZIMETR, point to the disturbing reality of crime-politics nexus. The penetration of the decision-making process by the organized crime is a sufficient basis for serious debate on how the legal authority of NCOZ and BIS should be strengthened. Moreover, the threat of "going dark" and the continuous danger of enemy foreign intelligence remain on the horizon. Second, the paper presents a comprehsive and easy-to-understand...
|
|
|
Data standard of the health information systems
Sedláčková, Eva ; Dvořák, Miroslav (referee) ; Fedra, Petr (advisor)
This magister's project deals with national data standard of Czech republic DaSta. First part describes this standard and its compare to foreign standard HL7. Next part of this project deals with security of the data electronic communication between health facilities in Internet. Last part applies to acces to medical information system CLINICOM in educational instalation and health registers followed by implementation of database CLINICOM via CSP for display diagnosis and for reports to the Nation Medicine Registry of Inpatients. Lastly program utilities are discussed.
|
|
|
Traffic Situation Model
Dvořák, Michal ; Petyovský, Petr (referee) ; Horák, Karel (advisor)
In this thesis, parameters required for physical construction of model of traffic camera system are identified. The information is used to design and construct a model, which supports simulation of important traffic situations. With focus, on the ability of model to allow for digital modification of simulation parameters over, for this purpose created, communication interface. The next part of thesis then focuses on creation of application which supports the control and image retrieval from group of cameras. The application is designed to support settings necessary for use as average speed enforcement cameras and as red-light cameras.
|
|
|
Forming technologies of non-ferrous materials
Zuhla, Michal ; Dvořák, Milan (referee) ; Císařová, Michaela (advisor)
This work is focused on the surface forming, in particular, non-ferrous metals. There are described methods of cutting, drawing and bending. For each of these methods are listed and summarized the issues. There are also given individual production technologies cutting, drawing and bending, along with examples of products and their use. The work is complemented with an overview of the most important non-ferrous metals. For these metals are described their properties, suitability for molding and their alloys.
|
guest ::
