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Constitutional Provisions of Appointment of Government in the Czech Republic: Study 1.174
Kolář, Petr ; Syllová, Jindřiška
Práce se zabývá jmenováním vlády poté, kdy byla ustavena Poslanecká sněmovna, ustavující schůzí Poslanecké sněmovny a ústavním postavením vlády, která podala demisi. V závěrech práce je konstatováno, že ustavující schůze má pevně stanovený pořad, který není možno ani rozšiřovat, ani zužovat. Pokud nejsou splněny všechny body pořadu, uvedené v části 4. jedn. řádu PS, není možno ustavující schůzi ukončit. Z toho, že Poslanecká sněmovna musí ukončit všechny body ustavující schůze, zároveň plyne, že vláda není povinna podat svou demisi dříve, než je ustavena Poslanecká sněmovna a než skončí její ustavující schůze. Na tuto situaci také nelze bez dalšího aplikovat čl. 35 odst. 1 písm. d) Ústavy, podle něhož „Poslanecká sněmovna nebyla po dobu delší 3 měsíců způsobilá se usnášet, ačkoliv nebylo její zasedání přerušeno a ačkoliv byla v této době opakovaně svolána ke schůzi.“ Oprávnění rozpustit Poslaneckou sněmovnu vzniká až tehdy, pokud se po dobu delší než 3 měsíce nesejde více než třetina poslanců a Poslanecká sněmovna po celou tuto není „usnášeníschopná“. Pokud je vláda pověřena prozatímním výkonem funkce poté, kdy podala demisi, jde o institut, který zajišťuje to, že stát nezůstává bez vlády. Vláda in statu demissionis vykonává funkce jen po dobu, která je nezbytně nutná ke jmenování vlády nové. Za nezbytně nutnou dobu je považovat takovou dobu, ve které probíhají jednání, vedoucí ke jmenování vlády a dobu, po kterou se připravují nezbytné dokumenty (například koaliční smlouva nebo jmenovací dekrety). Vláda in statu demissionis pověřená výkonem funkcí prozatímně není vládou, která odpovídá za své činy Poslanecké sněmovně tak, jako běžná vláda. Z tohoto důvodu je třeba považovat její aktivity za méně legitimní než aktivity vlády, která požívá důvěry (i když rezignovavší vláda není výslovně žádným předpisem ve svých funkcích omezena).
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Intermodal transport with a focus on import from China to the Czech republic
Zuzánková, Aneta ; Kolář, Petr (advisor) ; Merklová, Eva (referee)
The diploma thesis characterizes intermodal transport and individual systems which it uses. It also desribes the current development of transport and its individual sectors. The diploma thesis also outlines the issue of external economic relations and foreign trade between China and the Czech republic. I picked up and characterized the representatives of shipping carriers and intermodal carriers. In the last part of the thesis I described the specific case of import of three containers from a Chinese shipper to a Czech consignee.
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Direct Presidential Election, Competence of the President: Comparative Study 1.150
Kolář, Petr ; Pecháček, Štěpán ; Syllová, Jindřiška
The position and competence of the head of state plays decisive role in the constitutional system. In the republics, the position of the head of state is closely connected with the presidential electoral system Traditional classification of the forms of government is not sufficient enough, especially because of leaving out several important variables. Most of authors nowadays tend to classify forms of government into following models: parliamentary system, half-presidential, prime minister-presidential, presidential, presidential-parliamentary system. The paper surveys the position of president in France, Ireland, Finland, Poland, Portugal, Austria and Slovakia. The conclusions of this study may be summarized: a) there is no direct implication between direct presidential election and importance of president in the constitutional system of the country, b) it is necessary to distinguish between importance of the presidency in the constitutional system, as it results from the formal constitutional regulation on one side and the manner how the president is functioning in practice, mainly considering the presidential position in the party-political system on the other side. Whereas in the light of the formal constitution we could consider Finland and Portugal as the states with the strongest president, in reality we could unambiguously identify France as country with the strongest president. The weakest president is then, in both lights, in Ireland. c) The fact of outstanding personality of the first president elected in the direct elections may be the very important factor affecting the importance of presidential position. The example of such a personality which engraved the style of the presidential function for following periods was Antonio Salazar in Portugal or Lech Walesa in Poland. d) Another element affecting the presidential position within the constitutional and political system is the extent of his participation in political life. In some countries the president is taken as non-party man and independent arbiter (Ireland), in other countries, president is a leader of main political party regardless if it is a governing or opposition party (France). In Austria the directly elected president may be an active member of the political party while the federal chancellor is its chairman. e) Presidential legal and political responsibility determines the constitutional status. The direct election causes that constitutional authority of the president arises from other source than the Parliament and which creates conditions for political unaccountability of the president. Majority of constitutions of European countries define a certain grade of criminal immunity during presidential electoral term, appended by some form of impeachment. President may be charged by one of parliamentary chambers, the judgement is completed by one of the top judicial instances or by a special judicial body. Besides, in some countries (Poland, Portugal, Austria), there exists limited criminal responsibility of the president. In Austria and Slovakia the constitution contains political responsibility of the president. In Austria the president is accountable to the Federal Assembly, in Slovakia the constitution even enables the possibility to remove the president by the plebiscite.
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Container shipping from Czech republic to China
Zych, Martin ; Kolář, Petr (advisor) ; Novák, Radek (referee)
The thesis is focused on container shipping from the Czech Republic to China. The volume of import from China to the Czech republic is ten times higher than the export to China, which is reflected in the number of containers shipped on this route. The thesis shows the impact of the trade imbalance on the freight rate and on the level of surcharges. Subsequently, the thesis describes the procedures an exporter has to go through when arranging a shipment. The practical part shows a case of an export operation of fresh rabbit skins to China.
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Maritime container transport
Straková, Tereza ; Kolář, Petr (advisor) ; Rožek, Petr (referee)
Maritime transport is the world's leading transport industry. Its importance is shown by the fact that over 90% of goods is transported by sea. The aim of the thesis is to analyze present maritime container transport, with a focus on its use in the export operations of the Czech Republic. Firstly, it characterizes the specifics of maritime container transport from a global perspective. It describes the development of containerization and the current situation of maritime container transport market. Subsequently, it analyzes the use of maritime container transport in the Czech Republic and the role of forwarder. Finally, a case shows the process of an export operation from the Czech Republic to Mexico.
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Intermodal Transport of Dangerous Cargo
Balíková, Kateřina ; Kolář, Petr (advisor) ; Poláček, Jan (referee)
The Thesis gives the basic overview of requirements for dangerous cargo transport considering mode of transport (rail, road and marine). All conditions are desribed separately and then all together as intermodal transport. Part of the Thesis is dedicated to business practis in intermodal transport including INCOTERMS.
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Container imbalances in Central Europe
Schaper, Teemu ; Kolář, Petr (advisor) ; Wiedermann, Jakub (referee)
This thesis provides a description of the market for maritime container transport with a focus on container imbalances in Central Europe. Based on secondary literature, statistics and interviews, the current situation of global maritime trade and existing challenges for shipping lines is presented. In the second part, particular characteristics of the Central European market are introduced. Besides a detailed description of the infrastructure for container transports to and from this region, challenges and strategies considered by shipping lines are presented. It is highlighted that the export orientation of Germany and Austria and the import orientation of the Czech Republic and Slovakia have certain implications for the regional transport market. A real-life business case highlights existing problems, especially connected to the internal setup of ocean carriers which do not exploit all potentials of cross-border cooperation.
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The Application of INCOTERMS in container transportation
Šrámková, Eva ; Kolář, Petr (advisor) ; Vychytil, Jaroslav (referee)
International Commercial Terms have been applied in the international trade for more than 70 years. The aim of the master thesis is to analyze the application of INCOTERMS in container transportation which was secured by a forwarder. The first chapter describes the role of maritime transport in the international trade, emphasizes container transportation and its development and describes cooperation of the subjects on the field of international trasport (mainly the activities of forwarder). The second chapter contains the describtion of the individual INCOTERMS and their newest version INCOTREMS 2010, their role in the international trade and describes rights and obligations of buyer and seller. It aims at the newest terms DAP a DAT and deals with the factors which influence the choice of suitable term. The third chapter provides statistical data and tries to reveal the reason why buyer and seller choose a particular term.
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Analysis of the port of Koper and its transport connection
Řiháková, Veronika ; Kolář, Petr (advisor) ; Polák, Josef (referee)
This diploma thesis deals with the development of the port of Koper during last ten years, including its transport links to markets in Central and Eastern Europe. The aim is to determine, whether the port of Koper has its potential to grow, and if it could become an equal competitor to European ports in the North Sea. It also aims to identify opportunities that should be used, and obstacles that should be overcome in order to ensure successful development of the port of Koper.
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