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Living without a Ground: Praxis of Being-in-the-World
Koloskov, Daniil ; Švec, Ondřej (advisor) ; Leclercq, Bruno (referee) ; Nitsche, Martin (referee)
1 Abstract. The basic goal of the dissertation is to formulate a pragmatic phenomenology, which would rely on the notion of praxis while dealing with the traditional for existential phenomenology goal of arriving at "an understanding of man and the world from any starting point other than that of their 'facticity.' (Merleau-Ponty 2002). The dissertation interprets disclosure of the world as a form of praxis based on Heideggerian vocabulary; gaining access to the world is an act that reveals what possibilities of being can the world offer to Dasein, which is understood as nothing but an ecstatic attempt to anchor in the world. The praxis of disclosure is guided by the need to maximize Dasein's ability-to-be and a constant attempt to increase the 'disclosing potential' of particular practices. This starting point ascribes a crucial methodological role to the mutuality between Dasein and the world: Dasein does not explain what possibilities of being the world can offer to it and the world cannot explain what possibilities of being Dasein would be able to reveal. We will demonstrate how a systematic emphasis on mutuality leads us towards dispensing with 'grounds' of traditional philosophy, i.e., fundamental explainers that are not explained by anything further; we will also show how this emphasis makes it...
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Soliloquy, Madness and Structure of the Other
Kotasová, Emma ; Petříček, Miroslav (advisor) ; Švec, Ondřej (referee)
The ambition of this thesis is to present the phenomenon of soliloquy as a thin line between losing the Other and finding him and to demonstrate that what speaks out of us is not necessarily an echo of madness, but rather a revelation of the other in his absence. Here, self-talk can serve as a situation in which, while we seriously transgress social conventions, we are in a real sense paradoxically claiming the Other, who is woven into us as the structure through which we access the world around us. The analysis of Tournier's novel Friday, or, The Other Island and Deleuze's afterword to this work will show how fundamental the role of the Other is in our approach to the world. These insights will then serve as the basis for an examination of how fundamental the nature of perceived reality is in relation to speech. Key words: soliloquy, madness, loneliness, structure of the other, structure of perception, measure, speech, Deleuze, Sartre, Tournier, Bernhard
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Nature and Practice
Melzmuf, Jiří ; Karásek, Jindřich (advisor) ; Švec, Ondřej (referee)
(in English): The thesis deals with the concept of nature in the work of Karl Marx. It systematically analyses Marx's work and gives a comprehensive interpretation of his concept of nature. It searches for relevant thoughts across the primary text from which it reconstructs a coherent philosophical position. Dialectic of nature primarily operates with a dual definition of nature, labour, and man. Labour as dialectical movement represents the condition of human existence and a type of metabolic relationship with his environment, which is nature. Nature also acts as the all- encompassing whole within which this dialectical relationship develops. The historical development of this dialectic is then described and the way in which individual moments are transformed within it. Finally, is described the way in which environmental damage occurs in the capitalist phase of this historical development and the way in which Marx proposes to overcome it.
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Epoché as a guideline to (inter)subjectivity. On the extent of Husserl's methodological influence on Levinas and Sartre
Matoušek, Josef ; Zika, Richard (advisor) ; De Santis, Daniele (referee) ; Švec, Ondřej (referee)
This doctoral thesis address two of the most prominent figures of 20th century continental philosophy in Emmanuel Levinas and Jean-Paul Sartre. Because the idea to critically compare them has indeed been realized before, and the available literature pertaining to this topic is already substantial, I selected a specific reduction of the comparison's scope. The means of this reduction was anchored in Kris Sealey's Moments of Disruption: Levinas, Sartre, and the Question of Transcendence, book from 2013 that brings into central focus their notions of transcendence. While building on her insights in many ways, I set my goal as to highlight the methodological aspects of their work, which I - in its overlapping - attribute in large part to their Husserlian influence. The lineage of arguments I explore begins from cogito and its methodological connotations (phenomenological reduction) to the nature of intentional consciousness developed by Levinas and Sartre, to finally their constitution of subjectivity and phenomenal description of the intersubjective encounter. Keywords: epoché; phenomenology; intersubjectivity; Edmund Husserl; Levinas and Sartre; Kris Sealey
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Smart houses, smart cities
ŠVEC, Ondřej
The diploma thesis is focused on the concept of smart houses and smart cities. The aim of the work is to find out the actual use of new technologies in selected buildings and to recommend other suitable solutions for the near future. The output of the thesis is own strategy for Smart City České Budějovice.
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Philosophy and Depression
Vodička, Marek ; De Santis, Daniele (advisor) ; Švec, Ondřej (referee)
The aim of this thesis is to present the effect of depression on experience and its transformation during a depressed state. To achieve this goal, I will look at the structure of experience as we experience it in a normal state. Husserl will give us the answer to the basic structure of experience through his concept of horizon and at the same time through his phenomenological reduction, which prompts us to reflect on this structure. Once the foundation of this structure is laid, I will introduce concept of existential feelings bases on the work of Matthew Ratcliffe, thanks to which we will be able to focus on the very transformation of experience during a depressed state. When we understand how the structure of the experience changes, we will be able to also focus on certain symptoms that are a part of the experience of depression and show what has changed from the original experience. This thesis is divided into four parts. The first chapter aims to introduce depression itself and the reason why it is desirable to use a phenomenological approach, and why can be very helpful for current approaches to depression. At the same time, I will put forward phenomenological reduction and the phenomenological stance derived from it, which will show us the way, where and how to proceed. In the second part, we...
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Love is not a cold buffet
Martinovská, Tereza ; Švec, Ondřej (advisor) ; Jirsa, Jakub (referee)
One of the speakers of Plato's dialogue Symposium is a comic playwright Aristophanes, who joins the other speakers in praising Eros and tells a myth about the origin of love. He says that originally four-legged and four-armed humans were cut into two parts by infuriated Zeus, and since then they roam the world, until they find their lost half and unite with her in sexual act. Aristophanes formulates his account of love as a desire to merge with one's other half. This bachelor thesis deals with two modern philosophical interpretations of Aristophanes' myth, written by Emmanuel Lévinas and Robert Solomon. Whereas Lévinas criticises Aristophanes' myth as an egoistic and incestuous form of love, in which a person looks only for herself and forgets the infinite otherness of the Other, Solomon interprets the myth about love as merging of two halves positively, as a form of love that is conditioned by equality of its partners and that does not omit the importance of corporeality. The account of both authors opens many interesting questions. Lévinas' critique and his subsequent positive formulation of an asymmetrical erotic relationship allows him to maintain the alterity of the Other, however this alterity is based on sexual difference and formulated in a language that consists of extensively...
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Beyond Psychology: Nietzsche and the Metaphysics of Agency
Váňa, Filip ; Matějčková, Tereza (advisor) ; Švec, Ondřej (referee)
In this work I attempt a reconstruction of what I take to be the very foundations of Nietzsche's philosophical project - his account of what it means to be an agent (i.e. his "psychology"). Yet, my main purpose is far from mere exegesis. On the contrary, by actively thinking through what Nietzsche gives us, I aim to develop a coherent account of the fundamental "logic" of agency as such. That is, of what it could mean to be an agent, understood as a functionally distinct kind of being. In doing so, I proceed in a number of steps. First, I situate Nietzsche's project in the historical context and say a few words about what he has to offer us. Next, I consider Nietzsche's approach to how we should think about the soul (and psychology itself) and attempt to clarify some other key psychological concepts. With these in hand, I develop a formal concept of an organism and connect it to Nietzsche's notorious notion of the "will to power" - which concludes the first part of the work. In Part Two, the "psychological" account worked out in Part One meets ethics. Here I begin by examining Nietzsche's (internalist) theory of motivation, itself derived from the concept of life, and scrutinize his attempted deconstruction of the "selfish/selfless" dichotomy - the foundation of Nietzsche's "moral psychology" and...
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The birth of cinematography and it's influence on philosophical notion of time
Renotière, Gina Agatha ; Petříček, Miroslav (advisor) ; Švec, Ondřej (referee)
Annotation: Time has always been one of the most important topics in philosophy. Philosophers all around the world were coming up with new definitions of time since the antiquity. Is it a movement? An extension of our very soul? Or a bergsonian durée? The invention of cinematography shook all these definitions to the ground. Film presents situations that seem to be going on in another world, in which the characters are able to jump from present to past - the events of several centuries can happen in a matter of minutes - and time seems to submit to no rules whatsoever. But is that truly so? My goal in this thesis is to look deeper into how philosophy grasps the concept of cinematographic time and how its view on cinematographic time differs from its view on time itself. I will base my research on the works of Henri Bergson, Gilles Deleuze, and Mary Ann Doane. Key words: Time, Philosophy of film, Cinematography, Cinematographic time, Durée, Crystal of Time, Division of time
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