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Egon Brunswik and contemporary psychology (from probabilistic functionalism to judgement under uncertainty)
Salih, Osman ; Kebza, Vladimír (referee) ; Bahbouh, Radvan (advisor)
This thesis is about the influence of the theory and thoughts of Egon Brunswik (1903- 1955) in contemporary psychology. The introduction of this work is important for a deliberation of his central ideas as they apply to probability in the history of man. By looking at this background, we can obtain a deeper understanding of the criticism of modern theories of judgment under uncertainty proposed by Kahneman and Tversky created by Brunswikian followers. The proposal of representative research design, the formation of the lens model, and the notion of ecological validity of cues and vicarious functioning are Brunswik's biggest contributions in psychology. With regard to the origin of this thesis, I was delighted to find information about the attempt to replicate Brunswik's experiments with perceptual constancy by a member of the Prague Psychology Department, Jaromir Kasparek, PhD, in the 1950's. Brunswik was a real inspiration for a number of contemporary psychological and other theories, from Hammond's theory of social judgment and the theory of cognitive continuum to Funder's innovative approach in personality judgment and the theory of probabilistic mental models and fast and frugal heuristics of G. Gigerenzer and the multiple cue learning theory.
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The quality of life
Faťunová, Zuzana ; Kebza, Vladimír (referee) ; Hrachovinová, Tamara (advisor)
The quality of life have been a subejct of many studies and thesis for about last fifteen years. This work presents the concept of quality of life, especially from the view of the psychology and the medicine. There are discussed some methodological problems of the measuring and the evaluation of the health-related quality of life and there are also described basic and inportant instruments used in clinical studies. The aim of the second practical part is to illustrate a use of an instrument in a concrete situation - in the evaluation of the health-related quality of life of patients with coronary disease.
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Social cognition and schizophrenia
Mrlíková, Kristína ; Kebza, Vladimír (referee) ; Preiss, Marek (advisor)
Dysfunctions in social interactions and social isolation are common characteristics of mental illness and schizophrenia is not an exception. This is the reason for recent growing intercst in new theoretical approaches to schizophrenia and social cognition is one of those approaches. Also social cognition has been identified as one of the areas of MATRICS neurocognititive battery developed to be used for testing new drugs for therapy of schizophrenia. Theoretical part of this study is a brief overview of some of the approaches and areas oť social cognition relative to schizophrenia. Practical part is an attempt to create a method to measure social cognition. The biggest contribution of social cognition to the concept of schizophrenia is the fact that it perceives complex difficulties seen in schizophreoia as manifestations of several simple deficits in different areas, which can be good targets of both therapeutic procedures and empirical research. The attempt to create a psychological test was based on a "group game'' which we have transformed into a "pencil-paper" method. Tbc method was then examined in both clinical aod non-clinical settings and some valuable characteristics of the test have been obtained. These seem to be promising for the test to become a possible method of measuring social cognition....
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Anthropogenesis of consciousness
Bažant, Jan ; Kebza, Vladimír (referee) ; Šípek, Jiří (advisor)
What is a development of consciousness of modern human being, i.e. with species Homo sapiens sapiens? The beginning step alone, how to define the inquired object in the research, brings considerable problems and discrepancies in different conceptions and approaches, there is the reason why it is important to answer another question at the first. How to qualify consciousness? In the part "Theories of consciousness ", in the chapter "Formation the term" I try to give a brief succession of particular conceptions about consciousness and a view of contemporary theories of consciousness posted up with the critical reflection. I am interested especially of the development so in the chapter "Development of consciousness" I summarize the up to now findings about evolution of hominids till the top species Homo sapiens. I mention some theoretical approaches there and critical survey of terms. In the last chapter of the first part, I inquire after reasons to qualify the culture as potential equivalent of consciousness. I appoint the culture as an expression of consciousness in outer world that is comparable as well as deducible into history and pre-history. What is possible to deduce from consciousness is possible generally to describe as products of psychic behavior (not only in pure behavioral sense).
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Quality of life in multiple sklerosis patients
Marečková, Martina ; Kebza, Vladimír (referee) ; Hrachovinová, Tamara (advisor)
Roztrousemi skleroza je zavazne onemocneni, ktere postihuje predevsim mladsi lidi. Na samem zacatku produktivniho veku jsou tedy pacienti konfrontovani s moznou hrozbou invalidniho duchodu. Podobne je ohrozeno nebo ztizeno materstvi. RS ohrozuje nejenom schopnost pohybu, ale take brani seberealizaci pacientu a ztezuje jejich spolecenske kontakty, protoze musi resitjine problemy nezjejich vrstevnici. Onemocneni RS je take u velke casti pacientu spojeno s uzkosti z dalSiho vYvoje, ktery nelze nijak predvidat. Zvlaste pro pacienty, kteri se diagnozu dozvedeli teprve nedavno, znamena tato nemoc nejistotu, ohrozeni planu do budoucnosti a pocit vyclenenosti ze skupiny vrstevniku nebo pratel, znamych a kolegu. V prvnich letech od stanoveni diagnozy nezpusobuje RS u vetSiny pacientu zadne viditelne postizeni, 0 to vetSi pocit nepochopeni ze strany okoli vsak mohou zazivat. Pro vetSinu lidi totiz tato nemoc znamena hlavne pohybove omezeni, a nechapou problemy jako jsou neurologicke bolesti, tres, unava nebo potize s rovnovahou. Dopad na kvalitu zivota tedy muze byt u RS znacny i presto, ze pacient zatim nepocit'uje zadne nebo jen male fyzicke postizeni. V ranych stadiich nemoci jsou vetSim problemem obavy a uzkost z nejiste budoucnosti. Obecne jsou hlavnimi psychickYmi problemy pacienm s RS deprese, uzkost,...
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Non-verbal communication in African great apes
Lindaur, Hugo ; Kebza, Vladimír (referee) ; Fraňková, Slávka (advisor)
This thesis presents communication models crucial for creating research conceptions and unified terminology in the area of animal communication studies. The text reviews research types, methods and standards used for primate behavior research. The thesis also presents science disciplines that are concerned in great apes behavior research, its representatives and essential taxonomical, morphological, behavioral and ecological characteristics in African great apes. Text reviews contributions concerning cognitive abilities evolution, with emphasis on evolution of symbolic communication. The text further provides a listing of vocal and gestural communication in African great apes and focuses on facial expressions, its cognitive processing and interpretation. Next. the thesis reviews researches with encultured great apes focused on possibilities of inter-species communication and symbolic communication development.
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Systemic thought
Tomková, Markéta ; Kebza, Vladimír (referee) ; Uhlář, Pavel (advisor)
This graduation thesis tries to summarize the systemic thouf.(ht, its scientist sources, systemic thought development and general and tbeoretical bases. This NL A. thesis is theoretical/y aimed and its objective is to present a synthesis of the systemic approach .. The systemic approach is a new point oť view in psychology, with its roots in 1950's. The systemic thought is inspired by three basic theoretical sources: general system theory, radical constructivism and social constructionism. The theory of systems is an interdiscip/inary theory that studies properties of systems as a whole. The radical constructivism is an approach to the problem of knowledge and knowing. ft starts from the assumption that knowledge is in the heads of persons, and that the thinking subject has no alternative but to construct what they know on the basis of their own experience. The social constructionism aims to discover the ways in which individuals and groups participate in the creation of their perceived reality. ft involves looking at the ways social phenomena are created, institutionalized, and forged into tradition by humans. The "socially constructed reality" is seen as an ongoing, dynamic process: the reality is reproduced by people acting on their interpretations and their knowledge of it. Furthermore, this thesis...
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