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Socioeconomic determinants of the availability of kindergartens in the Czech Republic
Meteláková, Zuzana ; Pertold-Gebicka, Barbara (advisor) ; Kučera, Tomáš (referee)
This thesis aims to identify socioeconomic determinants of the availability of places in kindergartens in the Czech Republic which is for the purpose of this thesis expressed as the percentage of rejected kindergarten applications. Additionally, district-level characteristics related to the perceived shortage of places in kindergartens for children from distinct age groups, which indicates whether a child has a legal right to attend a kindergarten and whether pre-primary education is compulsory for them, are inspected. A balanced panel dataset of 76 Czech districts and the Capital City of Prague for the school years 2017/2018, 2018/2019, and 2019/2020 is analysed utilizing panel data estimation methods. The results suggest that an increase in the male unemployment rate and the growth of the average monthly wage correspond to the deterioration of the availability of places in kindergartens. The results are similar for children aged three to four years. On the contrary, the results are substantially different for children from other age groups and imply that an increase in the percentage of the urban population is associated with a lower percentage of rejected kindergarten applications. The population density, the net migration, the percentage of foreigners in the population, the share of young...
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Immigration and Wages: A Meta-Analysis
Nepivoda, Lukáš ; Havránek, Tomáš (advisor) ; Pertold-Gebicka, Barbara (referee)
Increasing number of international migrants in last decades attracts the attention of researchers who attempt to estimate the effect of immigration on the wages of native workers. Despite the extensive body of empirical literature, there is no consensus about the true effect. We employ modern techniques in the meta-analysis to address this question. Using original dataset consisting of 644 estimates from 20 primary studies which reflects the last 30 years of the research on the topic in hand we inspect the literature for the presence of publication bias and explain the heterogeneity in the estimates of primary studies. Although, there is some uncertainty about our results, findings from linear and non-linear tests for publication bias suggests the overall effect close to zero or slightly positive. Moreover, we find an evidence that immigration causes distributional effects which contribute to wealth inequality.
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Does childbirth change the gender gap in well-being within family?
Plachá, Veronika ; Pertold-Gebicka, Barbara (advisor) ; Votápková, Jana (referee)
All high-income nations have experienced a sharp decline in fertility rates dur- ing the past century. With birth rates in many developed countries currently below the replacement level, the population is ageing quickly, raising concerns about how this may affect public finances and living standards. Higher-income nations are not the only ones experiencing a fall in fertility; the majority of low- and middle-income nations are getting closer to fertility levels at replacement levels. To better understand fertility behaviour and the presence of low-fertility regimes, many recent studies examined the impact of parenthood on subjective well-being (SWB). Even though having a child is usually the joint decision of partners, each parent might experience parenthood differently, and the so-called well-being gap can arise. The aim of this thesis is to analyze how children af- fect the between partners' gap in subjective well-being and how this gap varies between families while using EU-SILC data conducted in 2013 and 2018. The results suggest that there is a trend only in the year 2018 where the effect is the largest for parents with small children and that it disappears (becomes in- distinguishable from the effect observed for parents with 15-year-old children) more-less when children reach school age. In...
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Wage gap between NBA and WNBA
Báčová, Magdaléna ; Kalabiška, Roman (advisor) ; Pertold-Gebicka, Barbara (referee)
A highly discussed topic of the gender wage gap with a specific focus on professional basketball in the United States is examined in this study. The re- search question asks why and how do the salaries between NBA and WNBA differ. With a final sample of 416 observations from the NBA and 124 from the women's league considering the 2021 season only, an econometric method of Ordinary Least Squares revealed few noteworthy differences in key salary deter- minants. Namely, athletes' peak career age, in regards to earnings, is estimated at the age of 33 in the WNBA and 28 in the case of an NBA player. In addition to that, while points scored appear to be the key salary determinant in both leagues, average minutes played and draft outcome seem to have significance only in the men's league. Alongside with that, the wage gap is estimated at 98.75%. Theoretical part then summarized differences in salary-settings and restrictions. An interesting finding is that men athletes may reach the maxi- mum possible salary being equal to 35% of their league's salary cap, whereas the highest-paid athletes in the WNBA get hold of 16.5% of the league's salary cap only. Additionally, Gini Index of 0.5398 in line with a quantile regression numerically expressed disproportionate distribution of salaries in the NBA. The thesis betokens...
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The impact of COVID-19 on election outcomes: The case of the Czech Republic
Válek, Vojtěch ; Pertold-Gebicka, Barbara (advisor) ; Mošovský, Jan (referee)
This thesis examines the relationship between the COVID-19 pandemic and the election results in the 2021 parliamentary elections in the Czech Republic. Voter turnout together with the results of several political parties is analyzed at the district level. First, the election results of 2021 are examined separately using OLS regression, heteroskedasticity is not detected in the model. A panel dataset is then created, which also includes election results from 2013 and 2017. Based on the results of the Hausman test, the fxed efects method is used to analyze the panel data, and the frst-diferencing method is used as well for comparison. Pairs of years are then analyzed with the use of frst-diferencing, when the results are frst estimated without 2013, and then without 2017. The results of the analysis mainly show a signifcant relationship between the number of infected people and the results of individual political parties. While for political party ANO this relationship is negative, it is rather positive for the other political parties. The second dependent variable of interest is the number of deaths related to COVID-19. In this case, the results of the analysis do not indicate a signifcant connection with the election results. 1
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Decomposition of the gender wage gap before and after COVID-19: did wage determinants across genders change?
Bartóková, Martina ; Pertold-Gebicka, Barbara (advisor) ; Kolář, Daniel (referee)
The topics of inequality, unconditional differences or disproportional rewarding systems are fighting for their place at the top of the interest in public life. In order to fight the inequality present in society, scientists, policymakers, publicly active people and ordinary people are trying to discuss it and find its leading causes. This thesis examines the inequality between men and women in the rewarding system and how the recent pandemic crisis influences it. We analyse the role of many wage gap determinants and try to identify the main ones and how they change with the COVID-19 pandemic. Some of our expectations were confirmed. The pandemic crisis put more burden on women than men. However, the research shows that all the economic sectors suffer from the pandemic; the only difference is by what amount. The results of the decomposition show that change in the determinants of the wage gap is present, but only on the border of the gap. The reason is that even before the pandemic outbreak, the most significant part of the gender wage gap (GWG) was caused by the unexplained gap, i.e., the possible reasons for the GWG are gender discrimination or gender specialisation. After the COVID-19 pandemic began, the unexplained gap strengthened its position. Keywords gender, gender wage gap, COVID-19,...
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Effect of the 2020 parental benefit increase in the Czech Republic on labor supply
Šarboch, Matěj ; Pertold, Filip (advisor) ; Pertold-Gebicka, Barbara (referee)
Family policies can have significant impacts on individuals' behaviour in the labor mar- ket. Parental benefits policies are a prominent example. In 2020, the Czech government increased the amount of benefits paid out to parents from 220,000 CZK to 300,000 CZK. This thesis studies the effects of this reform on parents' labor supply using a difference- in-differences identification and the Labor force survey collected by the Czech Statistical Office. The results show that mothers with their youngest child being 2 or 3 years old significantly decreased their usual weekly hours worked as well as their labor force par- ticipation rate as a result of this reform. Mothers with a university degree and mothers with only one child are the most affected groups. This thesis is the first analysis of this reform and it contributes to the existing literature on effects of family policy changes and also serves as the public policy evaluation.
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Incentives for Blood Donation in the Czech Republic: Case Study of Prague
Bošková, Aneta ; Chadimová, Kateřina (advisor) ; Pertold-Gebicka, Barbara (referee)
Blood shortages prompt policymakers to find ways to increase the supply of blood to meet the health sector's demand. The aim of this thesis was to exam- ine the effects of selected incentives on blood donation. Using a questionnaire for blood donors, the data was collected at a transfusion station in Prague. The questionnaire focused on hypothetical choices of donors when offered a certain type of incentive. The probit model and linear probability model were cho- sen for analysing the hypothetical effects of incentives and determining the donors' significant characteristics. The results showed that the vast majority of respondents would donate as often as they currently do with any of the selected incentives. A small proportion of donors would, however, respond to the incentives. The financial incentive or small gifts would discourage a cer- tain proportion of donors; on the other hand, offering a voucher to pharmacy would motivate a small proportion of donors. Both probit and linear probabil- ity model revealed several important donor characteristics that affect attitudes towards incentives. One of the most significant characteristics was gender; the financial incentive would discourage women significantly more than men. JEL Classification A13, D64, D90, O31 Keywords incentives, blood donation,...
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Effect of the Flat Tax Reform on Labour Supply Elasticity at the Intensive and Extensive Margins: Evidence from the Czech Republic
Tomo, Ján ; Pertold-Gebicka, Barbara (advisor) ; Šťastná, Lenka (referee)
The thesis deals with the estimation of labour supply responses to the personal income tax reform in the Czech Republic adopted in 2008 by applying quasi experimental design known as "difference-in-differences". By exploiting the different change in the effective tax rates for various population subgroups as a natural experiment and using microdata from European Labour Force Sur- vey we constructed the treatment and control groups according to the highest attained level of education serving as a proxy for an income range that assigns an individual to the particular tax bracket before and after policy change. Analysing one-person households we found significant negative effect on the labour force participation and significant positive effect on the hours work of the treated by comparing these outcomes for the treatment and control groups in the baseline and follow up periods before and after the reform. JEL Classification C21, D04, H24, H31, I38, J22 Keywords tax reform, labour supply, natural experiment, difference-in-differences Author's e-mail janxtomo@gmail.com Supervisor's e-mail gebicka@fsv.cuni.cz
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