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Following the Arp2/3-based processes in plant cells
Fišerová, Jindřiška ; Opatrný, Zdeněk (advisor) ; Binarová, Pavla (referee) ; Dráber, Pavel (referee)
1. ABSTRACT An actin cytoskeleton comprises an essential cytoskeletal structure that organizes a cytoplasm during number of processes occurring in animal and plant cells, such as cell division and growth, formation of membrane protrusions and cellular movement or cytoplasmic streaming. A dynamic actin net and an exact spatial and temporal actin filament organization is, therefore, necessary for correct growth processes and development of multicellular organism. Depolymerization and re-establishment of actin arrays is mediated by actin associated proteins. Among them, an Arp2/3 complex (actin related protein 2 and 3) plays an important role as a catalyst of the actin filament nucleation and, thus, enables the formation of dynamic actin network. In non-plant cells, Arp2/3 complex-dependent polymerization of actin filaments is required for movement of whole cells (fibroblasts or keratocytes), it drives organels and pathogens throughout the cell or mediates endocytic processes. The role of the Arp2/3 complex in non-motile plant cells is despite the considerable effort over last three years far from being understood. Unlike animals, where loss-of-function mutations in the Arp2/3 complex are lethal, only limited number of cell types show significant phenotype in Arabidopsis mutants. The evidence exists that the...
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New breeding techniques in crop plants
Brousková, Mariana ; Opatrný, Zdeněk (advisor) ; Cvrčková, Fatima (referee)
Nowadays when human population and demand for quantity and quality of food constantly grow, there is effort to improve technologies, which are used to functioning currently agriculture. Currently spectrum of crop plants, which are available for people, is one of main basis of agriculture. This spectrum is enriched of new cultivars or new crop by classical breeding for centuries. From the end of 20th century spectrum is further expanded on gentically modified plants. However, there were distrustfulness of human society and therefore genetically modified plants were legislatively restricted about their use and cultivation. Inter alia, for these reasons effective and socially acceptable alternatives of standart GM techniques were searched. Set of methods, which was named "New breeding techniques"- NBTs, provides such benefits. This work summarizes NBTs and explains basic principles of their use.
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Genetically modified plants in relation to solving the issue of global climate changes
Nedělová, Jana ; Opatrný, Zdeněk (advisor) ; Drda Morávková, Alena (referee)
The theoretical part of the diploma thesis summarizes basic facts related to the global climate change and provides up-to-date knowledge on the issue of genetically modified plants more resistant to stress factors of environment, including specific examples of strategies regarding preparation of genetically modified plants resistant particularly to abiotic stress. Although genetically modified plants and global climate changes belong to very important and current issue which public and foremost young generation should be sufficiently aware of, contemporary biology books and high school framework educational program pay to the issue very little attention. Therefore, the goal of this thesis is not only to summarize the basic facts and current knowledge regarding this issue but mainly to handle the issue in didactic level in the form of activating learning tasks. There were 28 learning tasks created in the thesis that gradually in unconventional way familiarize students with the issue of genetically modified plants and with the impacts of climate changes. Students must actively acquire information from accompanying materials to address the tasks properly, think critically over them, utilizing acquired knowledge and experience from the past to some extent. Fourteen tasks were chosen from the file created which...
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Transgenic crops and third world
Andrová, Julie ; Opatrný, Zdeněk (advisor) ; Cvrčková, Fatima (referee)
The issue of transgenic crops and the third world is mostly neglected in secondary education. In view of the fact that it is an interesting topic that gains greater importance worldwide, it would deserve the place in secondary education. It is not necessary to submit information about this topic only in the text form to students but teaching methods that force the students to gain information actively, can be used. Text for teachers was created in diploma thesis. The text could serve as a source of information for teachers in preparing for the lesson about this topic. Then test for students was created. The test consists of tasks that are inspired by the PISA. Students have to gain information actively from the texts in the tasks to solve the tasks correctly. The test consists of three thematic areas (transgenic crops, golden rice, vaccination and edible vaccines) and 16 questions (31 including the sub-questions). The test was verified on a sample of 82 grammar school students at the age of 16 to 19 years. The students were of the four classes in four grammar schools. The students recorded their answers in a data sheet. The data sheet included additional questions that sought the views and attitudes of students towards texts and questions in the test. The teachers completed the questionnaire. The...
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Genetically modified plants for future of globally warmed planet
Nedělová, Jana ; Opatrný, Zdeněk (advisor) ; Nátr, Lubomír (referee)
Many problems which have an adverse impact on crops, come into the agriculture with global warming the planet and thus changes in regional temperature and humidity regimes. These problems will be significant especially in developing countries that are already interfered by drought and threatened by famine. Therefore major target is developing of plants resistant to these climatic changes. Only the very classical breeding doesn't clearly sufficient for these tasks. However, genetic engineering could contribute significantly by genetically modified (GM) plants. This modern breeding-cultivation technology has several advantages in comparison with traditional breeding. One of them is for example targeted and well-controlled change in genotype, which allows obtaining plants with specific desired properties.
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GM crops and the third world
Andrová, Julie ; Opatrný, Zdeněk (advisor) ; Lhotáková, Zuzana (referee)
The inhabitants of the Third World have to deal with problems such as population explosion, undernourishment, poverty and morbidity. The Green Revolution saved millions of people from hunger through the introduction of specially bred varieties of cereal in combination with mineral fertilization. The transition from the Green Revolution to the Genetic Revolution, which consists in the introduction of transgenic crops prepared using genetic engineering techniques, could represent the future for developing countries. The work deals with the issue of transgenic crops in developing countries. The first part deals with problems of the Third World, the second part with transgenic crops, specifically the preparation process of these crops, their present and potential use in developing countries and potential risks. The third part includes analysis of the Framework Education Programme for Secondary General Education and analysis of selected textbooks.
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Rodina auxinových přenašečů PIN: funkční a evoluční pohled
Skůpa, Petr ; Zažímalová, Eva (advisor) ; Hejátko, Jan (referee) ; Opatrný, Zdeněk (referee)
Growth and development of plant body is dependent on correct and effective integration of information about current deployment of its body parts, as well as on perception and transduction of inputs from environment. Multiple developmental processes within plant body are determined by specific and tightly controlled distribution of molecule with unique signaling mission within plant development - auxin. Spatial distribution of auxin is co-determined by plethora of tightly controlled processes, and the polar auxin transport plays unique role among them. PIN proteins are the plant-specific family of secondary transporters driving movement of auxin across membranes. With their frequent asymmetrical localization within cells, specific expression patterns in developing tissues and their reactiveness to external cues they secure unique, dynamic and asymmetric distribution of auxin within the plant body. This dissertation thesis is focused on characterization of the role different PIN proteins play in determining cellular auxin homeostasis and consequent formation of auxin gradients. Controlled overexpression of PIN proteins in tobacco cells showed, that PIN4 and to some extent also PIN6, function as the direct auxin efflux carriers. In the cellular auxin transport they play the role analogous to other...
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Tubuline isotypes in cancerogenesis
Hořejší, Barbora ; Dráber, Pavel (advisor) ; Binarová, Pavla (referee) ; Opatrný, Zdeněk (referee)
The long-term goal of the Laboratory of Biology of Cytoskeleton is to explain in molecular terms the role of microtubules in cellular processes and to characterize proteins associated with microtubules and its organizing centers (MTOCs). The main attention of our research is focused on -tubulin and its role in microtubule nucleation. We have shown previously that besides its localization on centrosomes, -tubulin is found on celullar membranes (Macůrek et al., 2008), plant kinetochores (Dryková et al., 2003) and marginal bend of embryonal chicken erytrocytes (Linhartová et al., 2002). g-Tubulin also interacts with protein tyrosine kinases, that can regulate microtubule nucleation (Sulimenko et al., 2006; Macůrek et al. 2008). There are growing evidence that centrosomal proteins can affect genetic stability of the cell. g-Tubulin is involved in the regulation of the cell cycle (Vardy et al., 2002) and can participate in activation of checkpoint mechanism controlling the integrity of DNA. Recently, it has been proved its interaction with nuclear protein ATR (Zhang et al., 2007) and Rad51 (Lesca et al., 2005). That's why g-tubulin has been connected with the process of cancerogenesis. Cancer cells also display the changes in expression of b-tubulin isotypes (Katsetos et al., 2003). Moreover, increased level of...
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Molecular mechanism of transport of plant hormone auxin into cells
Laňková, Martina ; Zažímalová, Eva (advisor) ; Stiborová, Marie (referee) ; Opatrný, Zdeněk (referee)
The non-uniform distribution of the plant growth regulator (phytohormone) auxin is known to mediate many fundamental processes in plant development. Auxin is transported through the plant body either via vascular pathways or from cell to cell by specialized polar auxin transport machinery. This machinery consists of a balanced system of passive diffusion combined with the activities of auxin influx and efflux carriers. This work is focused on the processes that are involved in the uptake of auxin into plant cells. On the basis of molecular-biological and biochemical characterization, the function as an auxin influx carrier was confirmed for PaLAX1 protein from wild cherry (Prunus avium). The sequences of isolated cDNA of the PaLAX1 gene and of its protein product are highly similar to both the cDNAs and the corresponding protein products of the AUX1/LAX-type genes, coding for putative auxin influx carriers in model plant A. thaliana. On the level of organs and single cells, we have shown that the overproduction of PaLAX1 in transgenic lines resulted in an increase of the content of native auxin indole-3-acetic acid as well as of the uptake of synthetic auxin, 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid. Further, the mechanism of action of putative auxin influx inhibitors 1-naphthoxyacetic acid (1-NOA),...
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