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Metal Finds in Western Anatolia in Second Millennium B.C.
Roháček, Miloš ; Pavúk, Peter (advisor) ; Pieniążek, Magda (referee) ; Kozal, Ekin (referee)
While recent research has started to focus more on the subject of metal finds and metallurgy in Western Anatolia in Bronze Age, there is currently no comprehensive work that provides a typological, contextual, chronological, and regional analysis of published metal finds dated to the second millennium BC. Hence, this study was undertaken with the aim of gathering all known metals from various sites and subjecting them to a comprehensive analysis. One of the objectives is to explore the potential regional variations in metal finds and attempt to identify unique types of discoveries. This premise draws from the author's previous master's thesis, which followed a similar approach along the western Anatolian coast. This doctoral dissertation contributes to advancing our knowledge of metal finds from the 2nd Millennium B.C. In total, 1,286 metal objects from across Western Anatolia were collected from the literature. This diverse collection includes a wide range of items, from prestigious weapons like swords and spears (mostly found on the coast in graves) to the smallest metal tools and simple jewellery (with accumulations in settlements and modest inland graves). Consequently, it was concluded that the finds exhibit a strong Anatolian character in the inland regions of Western Anatolia, distinct from...
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The tale of volcanic rocks. Assessing the grinding stones and their chaîne opératoire in 2nd millennium Western Anatolia
Doležalová, Kristina ; Pavúk, Peter (advisor) ; Roosevelt, Christopher (referee) ; Schwall, Christoph (referee)
The thesis examines grinding stones from the Anatolian Bronze Age site of Kaymakçı. It aims to reconstruct their chaîne opératoire and to place the new findings in the frame of Western Anatolia in the 2nd Millennium BC. The general processing of the assemblage included morphological, geological, use-wear and spatial study of the assemblage in the context of the settlement. The various aspects of the grinding stones chaîne opératoire identified at Kaymakçı were then compared with two published grinding stone assemblages from Western Anatolia (Aphrodisias and Troy) to identify their repeating patterns for the Bronze Age. The grinding stone assemblage from Kaymakçı revealed that these artifacts played an important role in everyday life, as well as in trans-regional contacts and trade. While activities related to their use, reuse and disposal have been well attested, raw material extraction and production were not documented so far. As shown by the provenance analysis, people were willing to invest a lot of time and energy to transport them. A certain degree of specialization of production can also be assumed, which is indirectly evidenced by the standardization of the upper grinding stone shapes. These tools were skillfully shaped and enhanced with ergonomic adjustments suitable for comfortable...
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Zoomorphic appliques on Western Anatolian pottery in the second millennium BCE in a wider geographical and cultural context
Bobik, Ján ; Pavúk, Peter (advisor) ; Roosevelt, Christopher (referee)
This work aims to collect, describe, and classify zoomorphic plastic decorations on pottery of West Anatolia in the second millennium B.C.E. The comparison with the neighbouring regions of the Aegean and Central Anatolia, both with rich visual culture, makes clear the almost complete absence of figurative art in West Anatolia. This gap in the imaginary can be potentially filled with zoomorphic plastic decorations on pottery. These decorations occur in surprising quantities, various forms, and on a number of sites in West Anatolia. The first part of the thesis describes their development, geographical distribution, and ware association, with seven individual types of decoration identified. The second part the thesis examines the local trends of zoomorphic decorations within seven geographical groups, which emerged from the study, with Troy and Kaymakçı serving as two main case studies. In the next step, the collected West Anatolian evidence is compared to zoomorphic decorations in the surrounding regions of Central Anatolia and Mycenaean Greece, as well as to Apennine Peninsula. The thesis highlights similarities between these regions and evaluates them in terms of connections between West Anatolia and the individual regions. Last part of the thesis evaluates the gained results and discusses the...
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Cosmetic equipment in the Aegean Late Bronze Age
Prchalová, Štěpánka ; Pavúk, Peter (advisor) ; Matoušková, Monika (referee)
This thesis aims to contribute to the knowledge of cosmetic aids in the Aegean region in the Late Bronze Age and to create an overview of selected types of aids. The main source of research is secondary bibliographies dealing with grave finds. The previous development of cosmetic aids in the field will be outlined. Selected types of aids are further described in terms of material, types, decoration and socio-economic context. Several significant findings are listed for each type. Within the framework of the work, the aspect of the cult of the warrior is highlighted, which runs through the entire theme. The placement of tools in the contemporary concept of the beauty of the context is addressed in the last chapter. Work on a more comprehensive view of the issue of cosmetic aids in the Late Bronze Age in the culturally related region of Egeida. The reason why people beautified themselves and what tools they used for self-cultivation may be relevant to historical circumstances. The information gained from the study of beautification and cosmetic tools could help to understand Late Bronze Age society and specifically the warriors in warrior graves and their role in society and overall historical context.
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Hittite-Mycenaean interactions: Architecture and Small Finds
Pavlatová, Jana ; Pavúk, Peter (advisor) ; Zannikos, Kristina (referee)
(in English): The aim of the present work is to map, describe, and analyze archeological evidence of Hittites- Mycenaean interaction in the late Bronze Age and based on that deduce some legitimate conclusions. I will focus on small finds such as ceramic materials, seals and seal impressions, metal figurines, or militaries. The research subject will be also the architecture of Hittites and Mycenaean fortifications, which constitute several identical similarities for instance corbelled vaults, posterns, cyclopean masonry but also some handcraft relief works. Keywords: Citadel, architecture, lion gate, Ahhiyawa, postern, Hattusa, Turkey, Peloponnese, corbelled vaulut
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Griffin protomes in archaic Greece
Lelovič, Matej ; Verčík, Marek (advisor) ; Pavúk, Peter (referee)
This work will be focusing on bronze protomes in shape of griffins, which were a part of votive bronze vessels in arcahic Greece. Based on the bibliographic search, stylistic and technological development will be evaluated, as well as the distribution of the findings. Different typo- chronological approaches to their study will be assesed aswell. This part will serve as a prerequisite for the re-evaluation of the two prototypes of griffins, which are in the collection of the Institute of Classical Archeology in Prague. The findings need to be typologically and chronologically determined, respectively assigned to a specific production workshop (stylistic analysis), take into account the extension of given groups of findings, compare with analogies made in other materials and evaluate their symbolic significance. The work will also include a summary of current discussions concerning production and production technology and the fragmentation of monumental bronzes in Greece in the geometric and archaic periods.
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Architecture and urbanisation processes during the Second Milennium B. C. on the East Aegean Islands and in Western Anatolia
Peterková, Anna ; Pavúk, Peter (advisor) ; Verčík, Marek (referee)
Annotation: Thesis contains a comprehensive overview of architecture dated to the 2nd millennium BC in the territory of Western Anatolia (Troy, Maydos-Kilisetepe, Panaztepe, Liman Tepe, Çeşme- Bağlararası, Kaymakçı, Sardis, Bademgediği Tepe, Ephesos-Ayasoluk, Kadıkalesı, Miletus, Iasos, Çine-Tepecik, Aphrodisias, Beycesultan) and the islands of the Eastern Aegean (Samothrace, Lemnos, Lesbos, Chios, Samos and the Dodecanese's). The attention is paid both to individual houses and to the structure of the entire settlement. Part of the thesis is also a comparison of all preserved architectural plans on the same scale.
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Figural Ivories of the Mycenaean Period and their Relationship with the Monumental Sculpture
Horáček, Stanislav ; Pavúk, Peter (advisor) ; Bouzek, Jan (referee)
(in English): The aim of this thesis is to better understand the subject of ivories of the Mycenaean period as such but also thein iconographic comparison with the monumental sculpture. In the introductory chapters the ivories are investigated in terms of material, style and international contacts. Thesis presents an overview of figural ivories in catalogue form with 31 items that are iconographically analyzed and compared with other art forms, especially seals and frescoes. In the last section iconographic results are confronted with the monumental Mycenaean sculpture, i.e. the Lion Gate. The main finding is that ivory might be related to the sculpture.
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The pottery of sector 20 at Jandavlattepa
Včelicová, Tereza ; Stančo, Ladislav (advisor) ; Pavúk, Peter (referee)
The aim of this work is to classify and analyse the ceramic assemblage of the sector 20 - so-called Citadel - of the site Jandavlattepa in the South of Uzbekistan. This settlement in historical Bactria was inhabited in its latest phase by the Kushans. The here presented pottery was discovered by a Czech-Uzbekistan expedition during the years 2002-2006. This work presents the history and environments of the site in order to enable a complex understanding of the pottery assemblage as a whole, in relation to its contexts. The pottery fragments are divided into the groups according fabric, shapes and forms. The decoration types are also accentuated. All these features help to compare Jandavlattepa with analogical sites of Central Asia from the same period.
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The Art of North-Western Anatolia in the Achaemenid Persian Period and Its Relations with the Greek and Persian Art.
Vaškaninová, Valéria ; Bouzek, Jan (advisor) ; Pavúk, Peter (referee) ; Charvát, Petr (referee)
The aim of this study is to determine and define the Persian Achaemenid style produced in the North-Western satrapies (imperial provinces) of Anatolia (modern Turkey) in the period of the Persian dominion of the area, roughly 550 - 300 BCE. The North-Western Anatolian satrapies are the II. nomos of Herodotus - Sardes, and Hellespontine Phrygia (the III. nomos). The roots of the Achaemenid style emerge from the rich artistic traditions of the cultures in the area of modern Iran influenced by Mesopotamian sources as well as nomadic handicrafts. The expansion of the Empire towards the Aegean resulted in extensive contacts with the creative expression of the Anatolian kingdoms and especially the Greek sphere. A unique style of luxurious ware, designated for customers of the local elite and Persian immigrants, is created. The depiction of the Persian court iconography is modified according to the local art-school customs. The clearest representation of the Achaemenid style is observed in the metalware production. The forms and designs of golden and silver vessels are specific. Despite their wide geographic distribution, the majority of the workshops were supposedly located in the area of modern Turkey. The production of jewelry and gems was most likely concentrated in the same workshops. The creative...
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