Úloha astrocytů při vzniku mozkového edému

Heřmanová, Zuzana

Brain edema is a cause of mortality accompanying number of pathologies such as ischemia, traumatic brain injury, tumors or liver and kidney failure. It is described as a process of osmotic and water flux alterations, which lead to cell volume changes and to an increase in intracranial pressure. Brain edema is usually classified into two types: vasogenic and cytotoxic. Development of vasogenic edema is connected to the blood brain barrier disruption. Water accumulates in the extracellular space and exerts pressure on the cellular compartments of the tissue. The cytotoxic type of edema is characterized by water accumulation within the cells. The process of cellular volume enlargement is termed cellular swelling. Cytotoxic swelling is usually connected to glial cells, namely astrocytes, as these cells represent a part of the blood brain barrier and thus they influence homeostasis inside the brain. Water flows across cytoplasmic membrane through a system of specialized channels - aquaporins. For the brain edema formation, aquaporin 4 is the most important. It is localized on astrocytic membranes and using aquaporin-null mice, it has been shown, that it participates in water clearance in physiological and pathological conditions. Since the water fluxes are passive, the driving force for edema formation...

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