Evoluce skupiny Parnassiinae

Kaman, Ondřej

This review is devoted to the evolutionary history of the Parnassiinae subfamily of the family Papilionidae and particularly to the nominate genus Parnassius which is the main group among the eight extant Parnassiinae genera. At first, the taxonomic concept, monophyly, and phylogenetic position of Parnassiinae are thoroughly discussed. It is shown that all its genera form three clades that are currently classified as tribes. Further, the estimated time of the divergence of Parnassiinae is given together with the description of all fossil taxa. The subsequent part is entirely focused on Parnassius whose internal phylogeny largely corroborates the traditional classification on eight subgenera, although the phylogenetic relationships among these clades remain mostly unresolved. All the clades are systematically discussed and interesting phylogenetic cases of species complexes and closely related taxa are analysed and supplemented by taxonomic remarks. The last three chapters are dedicated to the phylogeography of P. mnemosyne, P. apollo, and P. phoebus complex. Their evolutionary history is discussed in relation to glacial events in Pleistocene and warming of the climate in Holocene. The whole treatment attempts to integrate morphological, molecular, and biogeographical views together in order to provide a...

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