|
|
Diversity of European freshwater cyclopoid species: phylogeny, morphology and ecology
Krajíček, Martin ; Černý, Martin (advisor) ; Brancelj, Anton (referee) ; Wyngaard, Grace (referee)
Cyclopoids are together with Calanoids and Harpacticoids a part of the largest, very diverse group of crustaceans and the most numerous aquatic metazoans of the world. The history of their research goes as far back as to the beginning of 19th century when the first cyclopoid copepods were described. The taxonomy of cyclopoids started to develop gradually since that time, adding new and more detailed methods and morphological characters, as well as a certain degree of taxonomical confusion. In last decades, the molecular-genetic techniques of DNA sequencing have become available offering a new independent tool for taxonomists. This work contains different studies concerning the morphology, taxonomy, ecology, distribution and colonisation of cyclopoid copepods, with the use of molecular tools as a uniting element. Chapter 1 of this thesis summarizes basic knowledge about the taxonomy, morphology and biology of cyclopoid copepods and introduces the following chapters containing four studies presented as single publications. The taxonomy of copepods of the genus Cyclops is based mainly on the morphology which is sometimes ambivalent and some of the most problematic species groups are presented here. Chapter 2 presents our unique results, the first reconstruction of phylogenetic relationships among 15...
|
|
|
Interplay Between Nomination Tendencies in the Language of Mass Media. The Case of the Analytical Adjectives
Vačkov, Veselin ; Gladkova, Hana (advisor) ; Rangelová, Albena (referee) ; Uhlířová, Ludmila (referee)
The thesis aims to describe and theoretically explain the range of complex nominal word structures and phrases that evolved in all Slavic languages with staggering productivity during the last decades. In particular, it focuses on the so called analytical adjectives, i.e. formally invariant lexical units mostly of foreign origin that manifest their attributive syntactic role (and the word class they belong to) not through a morpheme but through fixed word order position. The thesis rejects the view that analytical adjectives are first parts of compound words and explores several transitional cases. In more general terms, the thesis explores phenomena that test the boundary between words and phrases, morphology and syntax. It concludes that in Bulgarian there already exists a well established word subclass of analytical adjectives. They have resulted from an originally lexical innovation that has been grammatcalized due to intensive borrowings of words and phrase models mainly from English and their replication. The comparative study of present-day Bulgarian and Czech provides evidence of the strategies that the two genetically related languages use to achieve their nomination goals. The search for an explanation of the similarities and differences between both languages offers insights into their...
|
|
|
Nautiloidea of Upper Cretaceous epicontinental seas in Europe
Frank, Jiří
The post-Triassic Nautiloidea are not as popular theme within fossils cephalopods research as for example ammonites. They are not very abundant in the fossil records except some rare localities and areas, their morphology is quite conservative and due to the usually poor preservation, their determination and assigning to the species even to genera level is often complicated. Exceptional are taxa with very specific morphology and short stratigraphic and endemic occurrence, which are even suitable for biostratigraphic interpretations. Problematic is also the often poor taxonomical representation of the type material and revision of many taxa is needed. Still nautilids are often represented by reasonable amount in the paleontological collections of natural history museums due to the long history of fossils collecting. Also the scientific literature has been dedicating at least some space to this group since 19 century. The aim of this study is to create an overview about the post- Triassic, especially Upper Cretaceous nautiolidea in the European region of epicontinental seas and prepare a good basement for extensive study of this group. Due to this aim the study is primarily focused on determination of morphological features and also problematic with their interpretation according to the variable...
|
|
|
Diversity of the genus Frustulia in northern Europe
Scharfen, Vojtěch ; Urbánková, Pavla (advisor) ; Veselá, Jana (referee)
Genus Frustulia was chosen for this work due to the continuity of the previous research of our phycological group. Using molecular techniques, it was found that a number of morphologically defined species of diatoms is cryptic species complex, which may have limited dispersal. The aim of this study was to: 1) evaluate the diversity of the genus Frustulia in northern Europe by molecular methods and classify found species in the phylogenetic context of related species; 2) find out if it possible to identify the isolated species in natural samples by using morphological characters. There have been analyzed 234 strains by molecular methods. Isolated ones were in four clades. 86 % of the strains belonged to a generic complex F. crassinervia-saxonica. Two strains were identified as species F. gaertnerae and F. septentrionalis. The last line was not described yet so it was labeled as F. sp. This line is closely related to the species F. maoriana, which is considered to be endemic in New Zealand. Phylogeny of the genus was created based on a dataset of four molecular markers. Published morphometric data were then compared with 264 cells photos taken by scanning electron microscope. There was done surveillance comparison of the results of the analysis of quantitative and qualitative characters with...
|
|
|
Diversity of the genus Monocercomonoides
Vlasáková, Jitka ; Hampl, Vladimír (advisor) ; Kostka, Martin (referee)
Oxymonads (Excavata, Preaxostyla) are a group of anaerobic endobiotic flagellates living primarily in guts of xylophagous insects (cockroaches and termites). Some representatives of the genus Monocercomonoides belonging to the morphologically simplest family Polymastigidae have been described also from the guts of vertebrates. Oxymonads are a group of protist in which mitochondrion has not been proven yet. In this work, we have sequenced gene fo SSU rRNA of two strains of Monocercomonoides and performed phylogenetic analysis of oxymonads. Five selected strains Monocercomonoides isolated from different hosts and distantly related on the phylogenetic tree were studied by using light (DIC and protargol staining) and transmission electron microscopy. The aim was to find differences between these strains. We have focused primarily on the morphology of the nucleus, appearance of the endoplasmic reticulum and structure of the fibre R1. We were able to distinguish the strains by the position of karyosome (central and parietal) and the number of microtubules in the R1 fibre (6-12) and we assume that they represent separate species. The phylogenetic position and appearance of the strains NAU3 were so different that it may represent a new genus. Mitochondria or double-membrane bounded organelles have not been...
|
|
|
Current view on the biology of theropod dinosaurs
Honskus, Adam ; Teodoridis, Vasilis (advisor) ; Řezníček, Jan (referee)
This bachelor thesis hes summarised available data from morphology, anatomy, ecology, ethology, ontogeny and phylogeny of theropod representatives of the clade Dinosauria that are based on the recent results deriving from the application of modern scientific methods and technologies. Main methods are laser scanning, computed tomography, electron microscope analysis and virtual and physical model reconstruction. Application of these results have changed radically historical and dogmatic point of view on this fascinating group of dinosaurs that had ruled on the Earth for more than 150-million years. Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org)
|
|
|
Ecological links between morphology and habitat selection in passerines
Bovšková, Denisa ; Hořák, David (advisor) ; Klvaňa, Petr (referee)
The thesis is focused on relations between avian morphology and habitat selection. This is a summary of comparative studies, dealing this problematics in closely related groups of passerines. Generally, we can classify species to two main groups according to habitat preferences. Aerial species have longer wings probably as a result of adaptation on move in the air and open spaces. In contrast, ground species have generally longer legs as adaptation for running on the ground and pedal locomotion. Longer tarsi are also documented in ground species living in vegetation cover. Species which prefer tall vegetation have short leg probably for better move in branches. Less pronounced morphological differences further reflect habitat preferences at smaller spatial scales within habitat types mentioned above. In addition, some studies reveal that morphological variation reported frequently as reflecting adaptations to feeding preferences shows some links to environmental variation (substrate structure) independent of diet composition, such as bill morphology. Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org)
|
|
|
Clipping in present-day French
Matějková, Barbora ; Štichauer, Jaroslav (advisor) ; Loucká, Hana (referee)
Clipping in present-day French The objective of this bachelor's thesis is to contribute to the explanation of conditions of the use of clipped words in contemporary French. The thesis focuses on the aplicability of the apocope on deverbative substantives suffixed with -ion in the context of their resultative and processive usage. The theoretical part of the thesis deals with the basic characteristics of extragrammatical processes and clipped words on the one hand, and provides a theoretical base for the formulation of our hypothesis on the other hand. The hypothesis of our thesis is taken over from the works of Françoise Kerleroux and consists in the difference of aplicability of the apocope in resultative and processual context of the word. The practical part deals with the description of the methodology used for the verification of the hypothesis on the one hand, and the analysis and interpretation of the results on the other hand. We base our research on the observation of the clipped words in textual database Frantext and a questionnaire survey of native speakers. The purpose of the questionnaire is to verify, that the clipped form is used only in a resultative usage of the word, whereas is not acceptable in processual usage. Key words: French, morphology, extragrammatical morphology,...
|
|
|
Adjectival networks. On the grammar of French denominal adjectives
Strnadová, Jana ; Štichauer, Pavel (advisor) ; Radimský, Jan (referee) ; Namer, Fiammetta (referee)
in English This dissertation studies su xal derivation of adjectives from nouns in French. It is based on a lexicon of about 15, 000 adjectives, 40% of which may be considered deno- minal. I rst present the data under investigation. I describe the Dénom database, which was derived from large scale lexica. In order to assess the position of denominal adjectives in the more general adjectival system, I present a classi cation of French adjectives on the basis of their morphological properties. In the process, I spot cases where the fringes of the class of denominals are unclear, and question the distributional and semantic co- hesion of the class. I nally review di erent types of formal or semantic mismatches between the adjective and its base noun. In a second step, I present a study of the formal and semantic properties of a subset of denominal adjectives where the morphological relation between base and derivative is regular. This subset is selected on the basis of the type frequency of formal patterns of alternation between base and derivative. I describe the phonological and morpholo- gical properties of base nouns, with the aim of uncovering factors that play a role in the formation of adjectives. This leads to the observation of morphological niches, that is, cases where the presence of a...
|
|
|
Nautiloidea of Upper Cretaceous epicontinental seas in Europe
Frank, Jiří ; Košťák, Martin (advisor) ; Turek, Vojtěch (referee) ; Schlögl, Ján (referee)
The post-Triassic Nautiloidea are not as popular theme within fossils cephalopods research as for example ammonites. They are not very abundant in the fossil records except some rare localities and areas, their morphology is quite conservative and due to the usually poor preservation, their determination and assigning to the species even to genera level is often complicated. Exceptional are taxa with very specific morphology and short stratigraphic and endemic occurrence, which are even suitable for biostratigraphic interpretations. Problematic is also the often poor taxonomical representation of the type material and revision of many taxa is needed. Still nautilids are often represented by reasonable amount in the paleontological collections of natural history museums due to the long history of fossils collecting. Also the scientific literature has been dedicating at least some space to this group since 19 century. The aim of this study is to create an overview about the post- Triassic, especially Upper Cretaceous nautiolidea in the European region of epicontinental seas and prepare a good basement for extensive study of this group. Due to this aim the study is primarily focused on determination of morphological features and also problematic with their interpretation according to the variable...
|
guest ::
