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Mongolian Nomads: Prohibitions and Natural Cults. Tabu phenomena and Their Language Expressions
Muhič Vobořilová, Jana ; Vrhel, František (advisor) ; Komárek, Stanislav (referee) ; Skupnik, Jaroslav (referee)
MONGOLIAN NOMADS: PROHIBITIONS AND NATURAL CULTS Taboo Phenomena and Their Language Expressions This dissertation has been created on the interface of the three disciplines: ethnology, linguistic and Mongolian studies. It studies tabooed areas of life of Mongolian shepherds, related mainly to worshiping of the natural cults and to some significant cognitive models applied across the culture. The core of this work is the analysis of data collected repeatedly during field researches based on recording the language expressions of speakers and on a participative observing of the author. Prohibitions (taboos) which play role in the everyday life of the shepherds in the Mongolian steppe emanate primarily from the relation of humans with the nature which surrounds them. The aim of the work is to shed light on the question how the systematic nature of prohibitions (ceeriin yos) is anchored in the conceptual framework. In this the context of the Mongolian shepherd culture as a whole has been emphasised. Cognitive-linguistic approach represents a significant component of methodology, a systematic analysis of expressions which are understood as metaphors. Descriptions of particular events, recorded in the field research diary, enable an understanding of some linkages of conceptual structures and also depicting of the...
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Ethnic Identity and conflict (on the Example of Multiethnic Territory of Cruise Ships)
Medvecká, Zuzana ; Skupnik, Jaroslav (advisor) ; Uherek, Zdeněk (referee) ; Kobes, Tomáš (referee)
In my doctoral thesis, which I have elaborated on the basis of my diploma thesis Doubled Identity of Crew Members on Cruise Ships as the Instrument of Cultural Adaptation, supervised by Mgr. Helena Tužinská, PhD., I have analysed the way of life of crew members sharing the multiethnical territory of cruise ships. Crew members working there come from over 50 different countries. In spite of their different origins and cultures which have been forming their behaviour and way of thinking, they share small space without any conflicts. My goal is to sum up the basic conditions which should be met in any multiethnical society to ensure that there would not be any conflicts between its habitants. According to my hypothesis there is a need of other than ethnical identity which could unify them on other than ethnical basis. In the territory of cruise ships it is the socio-professional identity of 'crew member '. I found out that there are two main factors responsible for successful co-existence of people from different cultures here - communication and the system of values. That is why from all factors in which we can observe socio-professional identity of crew members I preferably analyse rules and norms established by crew members and lingua franca used on cruise ships called 'ship language'. The specific...
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The image of a mother in the written culture of Romani (the rise of the Romani literature and the Romani creative writing)
Hušková, Stanislava ; Šalanda, Bohuslav (advisor) ; Skupnik, Jaroslav (referee)
This thesis is featuring the genesis of the gypsy literature in Czech Republic and is introducing the historical and political background, terminuses and essential events having impacts on the literature written by Gypsies. The characteristics, genres and subjects (traditional and new) of their literature are inducted in the thesis, too. Next part of the thesis refers about the Gypsy's writings focusing on the phenomenon of the mother as this phenomenon can be found in all of the forms and genres of the Gypsy literature. The thesis presents the way of imaging of the mother in author's works and explains the invariableness and prodigiousness of the mother. The picture of mother in the Gypsy literature is reproduced by many citations of the book and periodical works of Gypsy authors from Czech Republic. Gypsy literature works are closely oriented on the reality of the life of Gypsies and the Gypsies are introduced by the themes generally understood as the "Gypsy" ones. The stories and persons are usually taken from real life therefore the works can help to understand the Gypsy society itself.
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Butterflies
Laube, Lukáš ; Skupnik, Jaroslav (advisor) ; Vrhel, František (referee)
The present paper is concerned with male prostitutes, whom the author calls "butterflies". Its aim is to portray this groups' everyday reality and life on the streets, however, the name of the city and their specific meeting points are to remain unrevealed. According to their age, "butterflies" can be divided into three groups, the oldest ending at the age of thirty, when "butterflies" become literally unsellable. The social origin of "butterflies" consists of several factors which are the cause of their ending up on the streets and selling their bodies. This "business" is a predominantly seasonal issue, since the number of "butterflies" severely increases during the summer months. As for their ethnic origin we can clearly conclude that above 50 % of the people earning their living as male prostitutes are ethnic Romas. The majority of "butterflies" are heterosexually oriented. It is important to understand that their behavior can be completely explained by financial motivations, that is, they are merely trying to survive on the streets by any means possible. A unanimous community among "butterflies" is non-existent, instead, they form systems of alliances, which occasionally cooperate. Their lack of self-reflection implies that they are often unable or unwilling to cope with their situation and pretend to...
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Transgender identity
Kováriková, Juliána ; Skupnik, Jaroslav (advisor) ; Štěpánová, Irena (referee)
The main purpose of the present diploma thesis is to introduce the transgender identity as a newly emerging lifestyle and political activism of transpeople. Because the transgenderism has been formed in opposition to the dominant medical discourse of transsexuality, it is necessary to include the transsexual stand of view which transgender people are defining against. I regard the transsexuality and transgenderism as two different discourses forming new different identity categories, having specific impact on lives of people they are naming. I focus mainly on the impact of different concepts of sex, gender and sexuality on formation of specific shapes of these ideologies. In the empirical part, I am applying my mind on the narrative construction of transgender identity. Through some parts of interview with a person diagnosed with transsexuality, that has accepted the identity of a transgender in the course of his life, I try to mediate a more realistic and sculpturesque image of transgender/transsexual life, identity and sense of self.
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Critical look at NGOs practices in the regional development. A contribution to the problems of culture change and processes of aculturation
Kobes, Tomáš ; Skupnik, Jaroslav (advisor) ; Uherek, Zdeněk (referee) ; Kotalová, Jitka (referee)
The activity of NGOs issue is one of the major topic of Slovakian regional development and Romany issue. Participation of Slovakian NGOs was not a matter of course in the issue of regional development. The growing NGOs participation is based upon assumption of the Strategy of Slovakian government explicitly introducing Romany Issue to the context of regional development, NGO and foreign funds. Within the issue of regional development NGOs activities are not understood as a factor of democratization, but they are conceptualized as an initiator of social and cultural change. In the theoretical view classical conceptualization of change is not sufficient. The major theoretical frameworks that are criticised within these concepts are evolutional patterns, idealistic and materialistic determinism. They classify societies and cultural diversity in the dichotomies of traditional vs. modern, underdeveloped vs. developed. The basic mistake of these dichotomies is the idea about different dynamics of constituted social systems, where someone has to live in modernity and another one has to live in his naturalness or in tradition and superstitions. On the other hand the formal standpoint is too abstract without the reflection of social context. Nominated conceptual solution tries to get over these theoretical...
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Ethnology and historical anthropology
Náhlovský, Michal ; Vrhel, František (advisor) ; Skupnik, Jaroslav (referee)
Historical anthropology as a relatively independent science discipline has been found quite not a long time ago. However, its foundations can be observed much farther away to the past. One of the most important moments there was an application of the anthropological procedures onto historical research. Nevertheless, Historical anthropology is still pursued by historians rather than anthropologists. This work (studies) is interested in how Ethnology as an anthropological discipline may be of assistance to the Historical anthropology. It is trying to evaluate previous procedures in Historical anthropology which should now on result from an ethnological perspective.
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Forms and mechanisms of Romas community marginalisation in the Estearn Slovakia
Mušinka, Alexander ; Vrhel, František (advisor) ; Skupnik, Jaroslav (referee) ; Uherek, Zdeněk (referee)
In my work I focus on the ways and mechanisms of marginalisation of Romas, especially from the viewpoint of habitation. From the territorial viewpoint, the work is based on data from the Presov Region in the Slovak Republic. This work monitors the issue at three levels. The first level is a general level, where I present the conditions of Romas in the Presov Region from the territorial viewpoint. I point out at territorial and spatial distribution of Roma communities in the region. The prior goal is to monitor the extent and variabilites of the marginalisation, i.e. where are Roma communities located in the region and whether they are integrated, separated or segregated communities. The second level is monitoring efforts for integration of the Roma community to the majority society, in the form of analyses of four national programmes where I indicated their levels of success/failure. The third level is a presentation of selected forms and mechanisms applied by the majority society to marginalise Romas in the field of habitation. I have performed monitoring of this aspect in selected locations of the Presov District, in the form of case studies. The first part of the work has been compiled on the basis of data obtained during performance of the overview of Roma communities in the Presov Region, which was...
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Igbo national consciousnes
Štěpánková, Hana ; Skupnik, Jaroslav (advisor) ; Chlup, Radek (referee)
Before the direct contact with Europe, the area of present-day south-eastern Nigeria was inhabited by a dispersed population limited to only village or local consciousness but in 1967 representatives of this region declared the independent state of Biafra with the intention to separate from Nigeria which indicates strong collective consciousness. The bearers of this consciousness consider themselves to be Igbo and the collectivity has features of a nation. Therefore it is the Igbo national consciousness I deal with in this thesis. In the theoretical introduction I situate a nation within the sphere of ideas. The historiographic part of the thesis examines how the Igbo nation came into existence. It deals with traditional culture, trade, missionary activity, education, colonial administration, migration, decolonization and politics in independent Nigeria. The second, semiologic part is based on my research among the Igbos in Prague and focuses on the contemporary means for the inter-subjective maintenance of their national consciousness. I try to explain it using a concept of national symbols which can be understood as narratives supporting the idea of continuity, strengthening of borders and assuring the internal homogeneity as distinguished from the external differences.
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