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Cultural evolution of birdsong: Changes of Tree Pipit vocalization in year-to-decade temporal scales
Çetinkaya, Belfu ; Petrusková, Tereza (advisor) ; Musilová, Zuzana (referee)
Social learning gives rise to culture, which is defined as socially learned behaviors that are shared among members of a community and persist over generations. Song of the passerines is one of the most studied and well-known examples of culture, as young birds acquire their species-specific songs through social learning. In addition, the song or its structures, such as syllable types, can evolve through various mechanisms, such as learning biases or copying errors, during this transmission between and within generations and across populations. The aim of the study was to uncover the possible mechanisms behind the song evolution of Tree pipits. Altogether 207 males were recorded, and the study population was continuously monitored for 12 years-period. It was revealed that learning bias could be one of the possible mechanisms that play a role during song transmission of the studied population, since dominant syllable types were stable over the years and survived until 2022. Moreover, the function of dominant syllable types such as species-specific recognition could lead to this conservative pattern. Also, there were some syllable types other than the dominant ones that also survived over the years. The longer survival of these syllable types could be due to a preference for learning local syllable...
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Hybridisation of cyprinid fishes in the Czech Republic: genetic and morphometric analysis of the subfamily Leuciscinae
Kaufman, Vít ; Musilová, Zuzana (advisor) ; Choleva, Lukáš (referee)
Hybridization is a process when two interspecific individuals mate and spawn. When backcrossing it often goes hand in hand with admixing unrelated genome into the genome of a species. Nowadays it is well established that hybridization is not as uncommon as it was believed. Especially in vertebrates fish are quite common in such phenomena. In Leuciscids, the family of order Cypriniformes is relatively frequent. It is a rife family in the European freshwater systems. Factors that contribute to such frequent hybridization are extraneous fertilization, sympatric occurrence, competition for spawning grounds, and other ecophysiological traits. It was known since the second half of 20th century that this is an ongoing phenomenon in many species of this family. Previous research was focused mainly on morphological traits. The relative pinnacle of such research was based on allozymic analysis. The goal of our project was to evaluate the level of hybridization in the main water bodies of the Czech Republic with the main focus on the detection of involved hybrid species, the level of such hybridization, and the phenotypic characterization of hybrid individuals. For that reason, it was sampled over 400 specimens giving a dataset of 381 individuals. Tissue samples were sampled for DNA isolation and each of the...
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Teaching photosynthesis using digital technologies
MUSILOVÁ, Zuzana
The aim of this thesis was to determine whether the use of the proposed interactive digital textbook leads to an improvement in students' understanding of the topic of photosynthesis in terrestrial plants. The effect of teaching with this textbook on the attractiveness of science learning and the removal of pupil misconceptions was also investigated. The research was conducted by pretest and posttest system. From the statistically evaluated data obtained, it can be concluded that the digital textbook has a positive effect on students' understanding of the topic of photosynthesis.
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Zátěž v odborném výcviku u oboru kadeřník
Musilová, Zuzana
This bachelor's work is dedicated to problems of school stress at the hairdresser vocational school. The aim of the theoretical part is definition of following terms: stress, stress factors, school and occupational load. It is also including description of possible negative consequences of influence of long time stress at the student, teacher and all class. The methods used for processing the theoretical part are detailed analysis and synthesis of data from technical literature specialized on psychology and pedagogy. We put emphasis on research studies made to this theme. The aim of the practical part was exploration at the chosen hairdresser vocational school. All students filled in a questionnaire which was concerned of stress factors in technical training. Thanks to this method we detected sources and amount of stress which affects students in this surrounding. The gained data were evaluated statistically. Based on these data we composed recommendation for pedagogical practise.
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Transcriptomics and developmental plasticity of sensory systems in fishes
Lupše, Nik ; Musilová, Zuzana (advisor) ; Reichard, Martin (referee) ; Barluenga, Marta (referee)
Organisms depend on sensory input to survive and thrive. Vision is a key sensory system to many vertebrates, including ray-finned fishes (Actinopterygii). Sight is enabled by the retina composed of cone and rod photoreceptors, each characterised by its own set of opsin proteins that together with the chromophore form the photo-sensitive pigment. Vision is energetically very costly and so it is often adapted to specific photic conditions to best match available wavelengths of light. This Ph.D. thesis focuses on the evolution and development of opsin gene expression in ray-finned fishes. It mainly aims to explore how ontogenetic differences of visual capabilities across the fish phylogeny relate to ecological conditions. In some species, ecological shifts between developmental stages can affect their physiology, including vision. In this thesis I focused on the molecular differences of the visual system between developmental stages, mostly focusing on larvae and adults. The first chapter of the thesis focuses on developmental changes in deep-sea fishes, a unique group of organisms that has evolved unconventional adaptations to maximise photon capture in an otherwise photon- depleted environment. Most deep-sea fishes start their lives in the shallow, sun-lit, predator and food abundant epipelagic...
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Beekeeping in the school practice
MUSILOVÁ, Zuzana
This thesis deals with the topic of beekeeping and its usage in education. The aim of the thesis was to create a study plan for lower-secondary school students to show them beekeeping and enlighten them about the importance of the environment. This educational plan can be used by teachers, as well as by leaders of hobby groups. The basic knowledge about beekeeping and its role in the educational process are described in the literary review. This part of the thesis mainly focuses on the bee communities, products, illnesses, and feeding. The second part of the thesis focuses on the plan itself, which is based on Framework Education Programme for Elementary Education and its subpart 'People and nature'. It consists of methodological instructions, presentations, and worksheets connected with the plan. It also includes a partial practical verification.
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Evolution of visual sensory system in the common barbel (Barbus barbus)
Konvičková, Zuzana ; Musilová, Zuzana (advisor) ; Pergner, Jiří (referee)
Vertebrates inherited five visual opsin classes from their common ancestor expressed in the rod and cone cells. While many vertebrate groups reduced the number of visual pigments they possess, opsins of teleost fishes have diversified. Today, teleosts outstand among all vertebrates in the number of visual pigments and photoreceptor types. This extraordinary development was also facilitated by the teleost- specific whole genome duplication that occurred approximately 350 Mya. Here I explored teleost species that recently underwent subsequent whole genome duplication - the common barbel (Barbus barbus). This event was accompanied by hybridization (i.e., it was allopolyploidization) and resulted in 14 opsin genes found in the genome, an unusually high number even among teleosts. In this thesis, I studied the effects of such an expanded opsin repertoire on the visual abilities of the common barbel. Based on the whole genome, I have completed the reference sequences of all opsin genes and revealed their positions on the chromosomes. I analysed retinal transcriptomes and constructed developmental series of opsin expression profiles. All opsin genes were preserved functional in the genome, even though one of them (green-sensitive, named RH2-4 in this thesis) was not found in the transcriptome and showed...
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Evolution of light detection in chordates
Pergner, Jiří ; Kozmik, Zbyněk (advisor) ; Markoš, Anton (referee) ; Musilová, Zuzana (referee)
Light detection is one of the crucial abilities of all animals. The light cues are important e.g. for maintaining of circadian rhythms, regulation of spawning cycles, changes of pigmentation and arguably most importantly for vision. Most animals detect light by opsins, members of the G protein coupled receptors superfamily. Amphioxus belongs to earliest branching chordate clade, cephalochordates. Thanks to their phylogenetic position, physiology and morphology, cephalochordates became the most relevant model organism for understanding the evolutionary origins of vertebrate specific traits. Amphioxus evince various reactions to light throughout its development. In the presented thesis light detecting systems of amphioxus were studied thoroughly. More specifically characterization of the opsin gene repertoire of two amphioxus species Branchiostoma floridae and Branchiostoma lanceolatum and their comparison with opsins from other animals is presented. In addition, remarkable similarity on the gene expression level between one of amphioxus visual organs, so called frontal eye, and neurons and retinal pigmented epithelium in vertebrate retina was shown. These data confirm the long time ago proposed homology between amphioxus frontal eye and vertebrate lateral eyes. Taken together all the presented data...
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Developmental changes and evolutionary transformations of fish common body plan
Drábková, Aneta ; Minařík, Martin (advisor) ; Musilová, Zuzana (referee)
Developmental modification of the bauplan of quadrupeds were studied in detail in a number of groups, whether snakes or cetaceans. Fish, however, still remained aside (except of some species), although they represent about half of all vertebrates. I tis possible to find various deviations from the bauplan due to the body's adaptation to the often diverse environments such as extension of the body, various modifications of paired and median fins, reduction of ossification, or even a modification of the body axis. The aim of this paper is to summarize the current knowledge about this issue from the perspective of evolutionary and developmental biology and identify species suitable as model systems for the future study of developmental changes in body plan in vertebrates.
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