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Limits in the sex estimation human skeletons resulting from the population specificity of classification functions - an example of sexual dimorphism of tibia.
Kotěrová, Anežka ; Brůžek, Jaroslav (advisor) ; Galeta, Patrik (referee)
Forensic anthropology has developed classification techniques for sex estimation of unknown skeletal remains, namely population-specific discriminant functions or other functions. What are their authors usually aware of. These methods were designed for populations that lived mostly in the late 19th and 20th century but they are presented as valid in recent populations. Their level of reliability or misclassification is important for practical use in today's forensic practice, however it is unknown. We addressed the question what the likelihood of errors would be if population specificity of discriminant functions of the tibia were disregarded. The purpose of this diploma thesis is to give an evidence about the inappropriateness of using population specific methods and methods affected by secular trend. We measured 10 variables traditionally used for sex assessment of the tibia based on a sample of segmented models of 30 male and 26 female CT images from recent adult Czech population. In addition we created two own discriminant function for Czech population, accuracy of DF1 is 85.7 % and accuracy of DF2 is 82.1 %. To estimate the error rates ignoring population specificity, we selected a published classification function of tibia for the European American population (Işcan and Miller-Shaivitz,...
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Reliability of Klales et al. (2012) method for sex assessment from hip bone based on CT imaging
Firlová, Radka ; Brůžek, Jaroslav (advisor) ; Galeta, Patrik (referee)
The study is primarily focused on testing of the method which assesses sex from pubis. This method was originally proposed by Phenice (1969). Klales et al. (2012) modified this method in their study. They suggested to improve of the Phenice (1969) technique by extending the evaluation scale of three morphological traits from two values - present / absent to five development stage. Our study assumes that the success of Phenice (1969) method is related to the degree of sexual dimorphism of evaluated population. So the extension of evaluation scale will not lead to increased accuracy and will occur to decrease relibility of the method also. Intraobserver error was evaluated for Phenice (1969) a Klales et al. (2012) methods on the sample of isolated pelvic bones from Department of anthropology and human genetics of Charles university in Praque in first time. After we evaluated the whole sample, which consist of 200 three-dimensional models of pelvic bones. These models were segmented from CT images of adult individuals from contemporary French population. This sample was statistically evaluated by Cohen kappa, accuracy, senzitivity and specificity using confusion matrix and relationship between specificita and senzitivity was tested by ROC curves and area under curve (AUC). Results show that Phenice...
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Directional asymmetry of upper limb and back muscle activity during bow draw; implications for bioarcheology
Véle, Dominik ; Sládek, Vladimír (advisor) ; Galeta, Patrik (referee)
This theses explores muscle activity during bow draw. The goal of his study is to evaluate whether muscle activity corresponds with increase in mechanical robusticity of the left humerus found in mezolithic osteological material. Muscle activity is measured by the means of surface electromyography. We measure activity of arm and back muscles. Activity was measured on m. deltoideus, m. infraspinatus, m. biceps brachii, m. triceps brachii and m. latissimus dorsi. Muscle activity was measured on 20 male archers, during bow draw of three wooden long-bows. Results of this study support the idea that change in robusticity of the left humerus could be caused by frequent bow use in post-glacial Europe.
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Reliability of Klales et al. (2012) method for sex assessment from hip bone based on CT imaging
Firlová, Radka ; Brůžek, Jaroslav (advisor) ; Galeta, Patrik (referee)
The study is primarily focused on testing of the method which assesses sex from pubis. This method was originally proposed by Phenice (1969). Klales et al. (2012) modified this method in their study. They suggested to improve of the Phenice (1969) technique by extending the evaluation scale of three morphological traits from two values - present / absent to five development stage. Our study assumes that the success of Phenice (1969) method is related to the degree of sexual dimorphism of evaluated population. So the extension of evaluation scale will not lead to increased accuracy and will occur to decrease relibility of the method also. Intraobserver error was evaluated for Phenice (1969) a Klales et al. (2012) methods on the sample of isolated pelvic bones from Department of anthropology and human genetics of Charles university in Praque in first time. After we evaluated the whole sample, which consist of 200 three-dimensional models of pelvic bones. These models were segmented from CT images of adult individuals from contemporary French population. This sample was statistically evaluated by Cohen kappa, accuracy, senzitivity and specificity using confusion matrix and relationship between specificita and senzitivity was tested by ROC curves and area under curve (AUC). Results show that Phenice...
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Changes of the facial skeleton in Central Europe during the last 1200 years
Bejdová, Šárka ; Velemínský, Petr (advisor) ; Bigoni, Lucie (referee) ; Galeta, Patrik (referee)
The objective of the Dissertation was to describe, quantify and interpret to which degree the shape and size of the facial skeleton of people living in the territory of today's Czech Republic in the period from the Early Middle Ages to the present day, i.e. in the course of the approx. last 1200 years, have changed. In this time period, morphological differences between populations, changes in the sexual dimorphism, modularity and allometry of the facial skeleton were examined. The evaluation was based on CT-images of skulls from three historical populations, specifically from the Early Middle Ages, High Middle Ages and the early modern period. The current population was represented by CT-images of living people. We studied the facial skeletons of a total of 329 individuals, of which 183 were men and 146 women. The CT- images were used as a base for the creation of virtual 3D surface models. The facial skeleton was divided into three morphological units, which were further examined. These were the skeleton of the upper face, lower jaw and palate. The statistical processing was carried out applying methods of geometric morphometrics allowing the separate studying of the shape and size variability of the examined units. When comparing the size and shape differences between studied populations it is...
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Limits in the sex estimation human skeletons resulting from the population specificity of classification functions - an example of sexual dimorphism of tibia.
Kotěrová, Anežka ; Brůžek, Jaroslav (advisor) ; Galeta, Patrik (referee)
Forensic anthropology has developed classification techniques for sex estimation of unknown skeletal remains, namely population-specific discriminant functions or other functions. What are their authors usually aware of. These methods were designed for populations that lived mostly in the late 19th and 20th century but they are presented as valid in recent populations. Their level of reliability or misclassification is important for practical use in today's forensic practice, however it is unknown. We addressed the question what the likelihood of errors would be if population specificity of discriminant functions of the tibia were disregarded. The purpose of this diploma thesis is to give an evidence about the inappropriateness of using population specific methods and methods affected by secular trend. We measured 10 variables traditionally used for sex assessment of the tibia based on a sample of segmented models of 30 male and 26 female CT images from recent adult Czech population. In addition we created two own discriminant function for Czech population, accuracy of DF1 is 85.7 % and accuracy of DF2 is 82.1 %. To estimate the error rates ignoring population specificity, we selected a published classification function of tibia for the European American population (Işcan and Miller-Shaivitz,...
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Modelling population structure and their changes: Neolithic demographic transition in Central Europe.
Galeta, Patrik ; Brůžek, Jaroslav (advisor) ; Černý, Viktor (referee) ; Fialová, Ludmila (referee)
Neolithic dispersal in Europe has been alternatively explained through spread of farmers (migrationist position) or by adoption of farming by Mesolithic foragers (indigenist position). Mixed explanations have considered a combination of both processes. Neolithic dispersal in Central Europe was traditionally viewed as migrationist process. It was believed that farmers colonized the area and replaced indigenous foragers. During the last decade, authors have adhered to integrationist view as they have observed the continuity between Mesolithic and Neolithic technologies. Interestingly, the most recent genetic analyses again invoked the idea of colonization. Surprisingly, little attention has been paid to demographic modeling. The farming quickly spread in Central Europe between 5 600 and 5 400 calBC. Assuming colonization, Neolithic dispersal in Central Europe would have to be associated with high fertility rate of farmers. Our goal was to test whether the fertility rate of farmers was high enough to allow them to colonize Central Europe without admixture with local foragers. We produced four stochastic models of population dynamics of farmers during their colonization in Central Europe. The principle of Model 1-3 is based on methods of population projections. Model 4 stems from the wave of advance...
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