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The Flat-building in Jihlava, civil technological project.
Figura, Tomáš ; Sedlák, Petr (referee) ; Kovářová, Barbora (advisor)
The topic of this master´s thesis deals with a structural and technological preparation of implementation of apartment building in Jihlava. The Apartment building is designed as a building including garages and dwelling units. In the lower part of the building is constructed of reinforced concrete combined system, which is from the 2.PP to 2.NP. The building is designed as a brick system with concrete ceilings on the upper floors. The lower 3 floors are designed as parking garage and a remaining six floors are designed as apartments. The project deals with the entire construction of buildings from technological processes, time and financial plan to safety during construction.
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Detached house with hairdresser in Loštice
Figura, Tomáš ; Smolka, Radim (referee) ; Petříček, Tomáš (advisor)
Bachelor of work ,,Detached house with hairdresser in Loštice "deals with the operation of premium villa in Loštice. The building is situated in flat terrain. The building is designed as a 2-storey, slab-on-ground in wall systems in HELUZ. Ceilings are designed as monolithic. Roofs designed as flat on two levels, in the first level as a terrace roof and vegetation, in the 2nd level as the flat roof with gravel. The house is founded on primer passports. Cladding the building is designed as a contact heating system or as a ventilated facade. The 1st floor is designed facilities house with living room, kitchen, guest room and a hairdresser. In the 2nd floor bedrooms are located in the library.
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Morphological versus molecular delimitation of the genus Pleurothallis R.Br. (Orchidaceae)
Baláž, Přemysl ; Chumová, Zuzana (advisor) ; Figura, Tomáš (referee)
Pleurothallis R. Br is a genus of Neotropical orchids and one of many genera of a subtribe Pleurothallidinae. The genus Pleurothallis has undergone a very complex nomenclatural and taxonomic improvement over the last century, which is the main topic this thesis focuses on. Based on available literature, it compares two generic concepts of the genus Pleurothallis, a former morphological concept and a molecular concept, which reflects evolutionary history. The morphologically conceived Pleurothallis included (as of 1999) over 1500 more or less similar species divided into nearly 40 subgenera and over 20 subsections, sections and series. Some of the subgenera of morphologically conceived Pleurothallis have been raised to a generic level (e.g. Acianthera or Specklinia), others were merged with other already existent genera of Pleurothallidinae (such as Stelis). In some cases both generic concepts agree on which species they include; a genus Acianthera contains most of the species included in morphologically conceived Pleurothallis subgenus Acianthera. From the point of view of evolution, however, both genera are only distantly related. Much more frequent case is disagreement between both generic concepts, the most striking example can be seen when morphologically conceived Pleurothallis subgenus...
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Albino variants of orchids. Evolution towards mycoheterotrophic species?
Králová, Zuzana ; Figura, Tomáš (advisor) ; Vosolsobě, Stanislav (referee)
Albinism is a condition of a plant that is the result of a loss of a pigment, in most cases chlorophyll, either only partially or in its entirety. Full albinism is found in many plant species but leads to large amount of maladaptive features that are usually lethal in early stages of plant development. Some plant species are heterotrophic their whole lives and therefore incapable of photosynthesis. Those are for example parasitic plants of mycoheterotrophic plants that para- site on fungi. Mixotrophic orchids are capable of photosynthesis, but are dependend on fungal carbon. It is the case in mixotrophic plants that there are cases of full albinism in adult individ- uals that offset the loss of photosynthesis and its products by obtaining carbon from different sources - from fungi. This work summarizes ecophysiological and morphological specifica- tions of albino variants, mostly of mixotrophic orchids, because they are the focus of most research, and tries to answer the question whether the albino variants lead to emergence of a new mycoheterotrophic species. Key words: orchids, mixotrophy, mycoheterotrophy, evolution, albino variants, albinism.
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Evolutionary forces of Central European taxa of the genus Dactylorhiza
Bílá, Klára ; Urfus, Tomáš (advisor) ; Figura, Tomáš (referee)
Genus Dactylorhiza, comprising green terrestrial orchids, belongs to of the most taxonomically complex groups of Europeran flora. Basic species often hybridise between each other and there is a lot of taxonomically challenging hybrids and hybridogenous lineages. Essential parental species of majority of hybrids and hybridogenous lineages are D. incarnata, D. maculata and D. fuchsii. Sister genus of Dactylorhiza is Gymnadenia which shares some similar features with Dactylorhiza species. Dactylorhiza viridis, formerly classified into the genus Coeloglossum, is the earliest diverged species. Diversity centre probably takes place in the Mediterranean Basin from where Dactylorhiza species migrated back to the Central Europe in postglacial. Major force of the genus evolution is polyploidisation which together with hybridisation leads to establishment of allopolyploid lineages. Unique feature of many orchids (including genus Dactylorhiza) is partial endoreduplication, which somatic endopolyploidisation of certain part of genome takes place. Pollination type is also important for Dactylorhiza microevolution. Deceptive flowers of Dactylorhiza genus are mainly pollinated by naive bumlebees but even beetles or ants can be pollinators. Majority of Dactylorhiza species are threatened by habitat loss during last decades....
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Ecophysiological relevance of extreme sensitivity of orchids to nitrates
Figura, Tomáš ; Ponert, Jan (advisor) ; Tylová, Edita (referee)
Many orchid species are seriously endangered at present. Reasons for their disappearing from natural habitats remain often unclear. Orchids depend on mycorrhizal symbiosis in nature, however only little is known about this symbiosis. Seeds of some species do not germinate in vitro, making their cultivation for scientific and rescue purposes impossible. We found that seed germination of one of such reluctant species, Pseudorchis albida, is strongly inhibited by nitrates even at extremely low concentrations. As this species prefers oligotrophic mountain meadows, nitrate-induced inhibition probably take place in natural conditions. Surprisingly, we found similar but slightly weaker inhibitory effect also in typical mesophillic species and even in slightly eutrophic ones. The sensitivity to nitrates correlates with trophy level of species canopy. This inhibitory effect of nitrates could be weakened by application of a range of growth regulators, including auxins, cytokinins and gibberellins, and also by mycorrhizal fungi. The action of nitratereductase is essential for this inhibitory effect of nitrates. Experiments with NO donors, scavengers, and NO quantification are pointing right at NO as compound which perhaps mediates nitrate inhibitory effect. Based on these results, the nitrate inhibitory...
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Study of young developmental stages of subfamily Pyroloideae using new protocol allowing their cultivation in vitro
Figura, Tomáš ; Schwarzerová, Kateřina (referee)
Forest subshrubs Pyroloideae are important models to study mixotrophy - a strategy where both carbon from photosynthesis and fungal one is used. Due to their initial mycoheterotrophy it was impossible to germinate these plants outside natural habitats neither for study of their physiology, medicinal purposes nor for their conservation. Thanks to our novel cultivation method which yields high germination percentages, it was possible to study germination and post-germination ontogenesis of Pyroloideae. It is necessary to break strong dormancy of seeds by bleach and acid and to sow seeds on complex media amended by soluble carbohydrates. Cold stratification turned out to be unnecessary while cultivation in dark was crucial. Many convergencies with orchids were observed, mainly that dust seeds with tiny embryo arrested at globular stage germinate into undifferentiated structures functionally similar to orchid protocorms, from which only one meristem emerges. On the contrary to orchids, the first meristem formed is the root meristem and much later, adventitious shoots appeared. Inability of young plants to grow in the absence of soluble carbohydrates and elevated amount of 13 C stable isotope in tissues of adult plants growing in natural habitats compared to surrounding autotrophic controls suggests,...
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Interactions of initially mycoheterotrophic plants with environment
Figura, Tomáš ; Ponert, Jan (advisor) ; Kolařík, Miroslav (referee) ; Janoušková, Martina (referee)
Initially mycoheterotrophic plants have recently been declining in the wild, even without apparent causes. They are affected by a number of biotic and abiotic factors. The aim of this work is to investigate how selected factors, such as nitrate or symbiotic fungi, may influence their distribution in nature. In particular, the work applies in vitro experiments, molecular determination of fungal symbionts and stable isotope analyses. It describes both the effects of abiotic factor, specifically nitrate, and biotic interactions of initially mycoheterotrophic plants with fungal symbionts. The inhibition of germination by extremely low concentrations of nitrate in asymbiotic in vitro cultures was observed in several orchid species. The degree of sensitivity of each species to nitrate corresponds with the nitrate content of the soil and the nutrient availability requirements of the species according to Ellenberg indicator values. The inhibitory effect of nitrate on orchid germination was also observed in symbiotic in vitro cultures. Out of five tested fungal strains, only one Ceratobasidium was capable of eliminating the inhibitory effect of nitrate. Furthermore, the work reveals that green mixotrophic orchids use photosynthates to nourish the aboveground parts, whereas the belowground parts are...
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Distribution, ecology and causes of decline of species from the family Pyrolaceae
Valeček, Martin ; Münzbergová, Zuzana (advisor) ; Figura, Tomáš (referee)
The family Pyrolaceae (pyroloids) includes the group of evergreen herbs or subshrubs growing in coniferous, especially in pine forest of the northern hemisphere. Their typical features are mycoheterotrophy and mixotrophy. In the early stage of development the mycoheterotrophy is used to obtain the necessary resources because the seeds do not contain enough substances to germinate. Adult plants then switch to mixotrophy or autotrophy, except P. aphylla. Mixotrophy allows pyroloids to combine inorganic carbon gain obtained from photosyntesis and organic carbon from symbiotic fungi. Mixotrophy of this family can significantly affect other plant species growing in its vicinity through mycelial networks of mycorrhizal fungi and contribute to affecting the structure of the community. At the present, all pyroloids are among the endangered or declining species in our country and in the world. This bachelor project summarizes the knowledge about pyroloids in the field of phylogeny, mycorrhizal symbiosis, ecology, distribution and in vitro cultivation in the form of literature research. In the last chapter I deal with the causes of decline and the possibilities of pyroloid protection. Key words: Pyrolaceae, mixotrophy, mycoheterotrophy, ectomycorrhiza, Pyrola, Chimaphila umbellata, Moneses, Orthilia
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Ecophysiological relevance of extreme sensitivity of orchids to nitrates
Figura, Tomáš ; Ponert, Jan (advisor) ; Tylová, Edita (referee)
Many orchid species are seriously endangered at present. Reasons for their disappearing from natural habitats remain often unclear. Orchids depend on mycorrhizal symbiosis in nature, however only little is known about this symbiosis. Seeds of some species do not germinate in vitro, making their cultivation for scientific and rescue purposes impossible. We found that seed germination of one of such reluctant species, Pseudorchis albida, is strongly inhibited by nitrates even at extremely low concentrations. As this species prefers oligotrophic mountain meadows, nitrate-induced inhibition probably take place in natural conditions. Surprisingly, we found similar but slightly weaker inhibitory effect also in typical mesophillic species and even in slightly eutrophic ones. The sensitivity to nitrates correlates with trophy level of species canopy. This inhibitory effect of nitrates could be weakened by application of a range of growth regulators, including auxins, cytokinins and gibberellins, and also by mycorrhizal fungi. The action of nitratereductase is essential for this inhibitory effect of nitrates. Experiments with NO donors, scavengers, and NO quantification are pointing right at NO as compound which perhaps mediates nitrate inhibitory effect. Based on these results, the nitrate inhibitory...
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