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Politeness in Danish in Comparison with Czech
Halamíčková, Zuzana ; Štajnerová, Petra (advisor) ; Hartlová, Dagmar (referee)
The aim of this thesis is to compare linguistic means of expressing politeness in Czech and in Danish. The term politeness covers both norms defining socially acceptable behaviour and strategies that speakers use to achieve their goals and avoid conflicts. After defining the term politeness, I briefly introduce the most influential theoretical approaches to politeness since the 1960s. The second chapter brings an overview of linguistic means of expressing politeness in Czech and in Danish. The last, most comprehensive part of the thesis is concerned with selected areas typically connected to politeness, i.e. greetings and forms of address, expressing thanks and reacting to them, orders, bans, and requests. In Czech, a polite request usually contains the particle prosím (please). This word has no equivalent in spoken Danish; however, Danish speakers can make use of other expressions, such as particles godt, nok, lige and vel, or the expression vil du være sød/venlig (would you be so kind). They can also use some of the conventional means of expressing a request indirectly. Many of those strategies are common to both languages, especially formulating the requests as a question, perhaps in a negative form. Polite requests in Czech are characterized by the use of conditional, Danish requests typically...
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Language Policy in Norway in the 20th Century and in the Beginning of the 21st Century
Doušová, Iva ; Štajnerová, Petra (advisor) ; Dubec, Pavel (referee)
Diplomová práce pojednává o přístupu k řešení jazykové otázky, která se v Norsku objevila po roce 1814, kdy skončila dánská nadvláda, během níž dánština nahradila v písemném styku norštinu. Bylo nutné stanovit, jakou podobu by měl mít psaný norský jazyk: zda by to měl být riksmål - tj. ponorštěná dánština (později známý jako bokmål), nebo landsmål - tj. nový jazyk, vycházející z norských dialektů (později přejmenovaný na nynorsk). Práce nejprve popisuje, jak vznikl jazykový spor mezi zastánci nynorsk a bokmål v 19. století a jak byl vázán na tehdejší politickou situaci a naopak. Poté je analyzováno, jak byla ve 20. století rozvíjena a přijímána oficiální jazyková politika, kterou po několik desítek let určovala sociálnědemokratická strana. Do ní spadají pravopisné reformy z let 1907, 1917, 1938, 1959, 1981, 2005 a 2012, zákony o užívání jazyka, politika sbližování nynorsk a bokmål s cílem vytvořit společný jazyk samnorsk a vytvoření jazykového orgánu Språkrådet (Jazykové rady). Nakonec práce zkoumá, jak vypadá jazyková situace v Norsku v souvislosti se vztahem bokmål-nynorsk v prvním desetiletí 21. století. The thesis deals with the approach to linguistic issues which emerged in Norway after 1814 when Danish domination ended. During the domination Danish replaced Norwegian in written communication. It was...
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A Comparison of Syntactic Structures in the Bible Translations from 1550 and 1992 with Regard to Morphological Changes
Pavlisová, Jana ; Štajnerová, Petra (advisor) ; Houhová, Jana (referee)
The aim of this dissertation is to study differences and correspondences in the syntactic structures in two Danish translations of the Bible which were made in two fundamentally different times; this means in the first complete translation of the Bible into Danish, the so-called Christian III Bible from the year 1550, and in the contemporary translation of the Bible from the year 1992. The studied corpus is represented by the Gospel of John. The main areas of research are word order in main clauses and subordinate clauses, and use of conujunctions in chosen types of subordinate clauses. The work points out the possible influence of its translation template, the Luther Bible from the the year 1545, on the syntax of the Christian III Bible. Key terms: Christian III Bible, 1992 Bible, conjunctions, word order, syntax, diachrony
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Comparison of Old Norse and Proto-Norse Noun Declension
Šimeček, David ; Starý, Jiří (advisor) ; Štajnerová, Petra (referee)
Comparison of Old Norse and Proto-Norse Noun Declension The purpose of this thesis is to follow the development of noun declensions from Proto-Norse to the Old Norse (Old Icelandic) language. The first of the three chapters seeks to give a comprehensive overview of Proto-Norse noun declensions. This overview is based on the evidence of the older runic inscriptions and on reconstruction using relevant linguistic literature. Each of the declensions is presented in the form of a paradigm accompanied by commentary and quotations of preserved grammatical forms. The second and largest chapter presents a survey of Old Norse (Old Icelandic) noun declensions. The survey has two aims. The first aim is to provide a synchronic description of the Old Norse noun declension system which would not be encumbered by an excess of diachronic approach as is often the case in the traditional grammars of Old Norse. At the same time, however, it should show how Old Norse inflectional exponents and classes continue the Proto-Norse declensions as presented in the first chapter. There is also a discussion of some of the systemic causes leading to morphological changes in inflection. The third chapter sums up the previous diachronic analysis and questions the validity of the traditional designations of declension classes based on...
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The influence of Latin on North Germanic languages, especially on Norwegian
Koliášová, Klára ; Štajnerová, Petra (advisor) ; Starý, Jiří (referee)
The thesis concentrates on Latin influence on North Germanic languages, especially on Norwegian. First part deals with this topic from sociolinguistic point of view: relationship between Latin and domestic languages in Middle Ages, discerning contexts, where Latin was used, emphasizing the role of church, schools and literature. Second part concentrates on concrete examples of Latin influence, persisting to the modern times, especially loanwords, prefixes and suffixes, irregular declension, idioms. Original research concentrates on Norwegian letters from Middle Age, in Diplomatarium Norwegicum. Research about numbers of Latin letters and letters in domestic language, according to topic and time, in comparison with similar informations from Denmark and Sweden.
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Language attitudes in Norway and the Czech Republic from a sociolinguistic point of view
Řezníková, Ivana ; Štajnerová, Petra (advisor) ; Svevad, Thor (referee)
The subject of the master thesis is language attitudes. The focus is put on how language attitudes can affect the way how the language is changing, how they can be expressed and which factors play important roles in forming of language attitudes. There have been a number of sociological and sociolinguistic case studies in this field in Norway. Based on them, I compare the Norwegian and Czech attitudes to the latest trends in language change such as globalization, regionalization and others. The main questions are: how do factors forming language attitudes to language varieties differ when compared Norwegian and Czech? How are language attitudes affected by differencies in history and culture in these two lands? Hypothetical, the factors connected to contact with English would be quite similar both in Norwegian and Czech. On the other hand the relationship between standard spoken language and dialects would differ more mostly because of these varieties have a different status in Norwegian and Czech context.
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Cleft Sentences in Norwegian and French
Řeháková, Petra ; Štajnerová, Petra (advisor) ; Štichauer, Jaroslav (referee)
This thesis deals with cleft senteces in Norwegian and French. The analysis is carried out on Norwegian originals and their French translations. This makes it possible to study the cleft sentence in the same context. Cleft sentences in Norwegian were analysed from the functional sentence perspective, syntactic and morfological point of view. It means that I studied the contextual dependece or indepence of the sentence elements and their degree of communicative dynamism, syntactic function of the focused elements and which words represent the focused elements. The main aim of the thesis is to find out how cleft sentences are translated from Norwegian to French
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Phrasems in Norwegian and Czech - A Comparison from the Cognitive Linguistics Perspective
Payneová, Marie ; Štajnerová, Petra (advisor) ; Vaňková, Irena (referee)
In this thesis we deal with the analysis of expressions - in particular the metaphorical and phraseological expressions - containing a motive of an animal in Czech and Norwegian. The method is based on cognitive linguistics, mainly on the Polish ethnolinguistic school, with a special focus on the definition of metaphor and symbol from the point of view of the philosophical hermeneutics. We describe and support some common principles of the perception and conceptualization of animals in both languages and we focus on semantic connections concerning this topic. Our main focus is on the expression wolf - we compare the linguistic picture of the world of this controversial animal in Czech and Norwegian.
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Danish prepositions. Semantic analysis
Bednářová, Marie ; Štajnerová, Petra (advisor) ; Hartlová, Dagmar (referee)
5 ABSTRACT In this thesis, we examine the possibilities of a semantic analysis of spatial configurations represented by Danish prepositions. In the theoretical part of the thesis, we explore the means that cognitive linguistics uses to describe meaning in general, and to describe spatial configuration in particular. We also briefly present the results of several analyses of English spatial expressions. In the practical part of the thesis, we then apply the cognitive linguistics' terms and methods on material gathered from Danish dictionaries and grammar handbooks and Danish Corpus, in order to achieve an analysis of spatial senses represented by the Danish preposition i. The result of our analysis is a structured overview of the preposition's distinct spatial senses, accompanied by a suggestion of the preposition's semantic network. KEY WORDS: cognitive semantics, spatial scene, schema, spatial configuration, prepositions, Danish
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Use of modality in Danish and Czech with focus on modal verbs
Nedělčevová, Anna ; Štajnerová, Petra (advisor) ; Hartlová, Dagmar (referee)
The Bachelor Thesis deals with the comparison of the use of modality in Czech and Danish. At the beginning of the Thesis, the term modality is introduced. In the following part the possibilities of expressing modality in both languages are briefly described and the next part is focused on the modal verbs. The reader is acquainted with the analysis concerning translation from Czech to Danish and vice versa using the text Nesnesitelná lehkost bytí from Milan Kundera and its translation to Danish in corpus of parallel texts. The findings obtained from the analysis aim to specify semantic description of modal verbs presented in accessible grammar books. In addition, this new description takes in consideration the needs of Czech speaker.
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