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Experimental study on the release of active ingredients from gel matrices
Volhinava, Anastasiya ; Enev, Vojtěch (referee) ; Sedláček, Petr (advisor)
This thesis deals with the characterization of hydrogels containing humic substances and salicylic acid. Experimental study of the transport of active substances was performed from the gel matrix over the skin and synthetic membranes. During this work was writing literature review focused on the use of gels with humic substances in cosmetic, medical and pharmaceutical industries. The model humic hydrogels was prepared with salicylic acid and their characterization by basic methods of material analysis. These basic methods were and visual assessment of consistency during the preparation and rheology. The study of the release of active and humic substances was performed due to the vertical diffusion cells. The amount of released humic substance was characterized by UV-VIS method and the amount of released salicylic acid from gel matrix was determined by HPLC.
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Micropollutants in water resources and ways of their elimination
Lukášová, Daniela ; Látal,, Milan (referee) ; Biela, Renata (advisor)
The diploma thesis deals with micro-fuels in drinking water sources and their subsequent removal. In the thesis mainly pesticides and pharmaceuticals are described. The reader is first introduced to the most common pesticides occurring in water and their consumption. Drugs are described in a similar context. In addition, there are practical studies on the occurrence, degradation and removal of micro-pollutants from water. The final thesis is a laboratory experiment dealing with the removal of salicylic acid from water by filtration through the filtration material Bayoxide E33 and activated carbon. The thesis describes the procedure and results of the experiment.
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Material characterization of novel hydrogels containing humic substances intended for pharmaceutical and cosmetic applications
Pavlicová, Renata ; Weidlich, Tomáš (referee) ; Sedláček, Petr (advisor)
This thesis is focused on the development and characterization of hydrogels containing humic substances with possible use in cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries. This work follows on the bachelor thesis, theoretical and experimental part is based on already acquired knowledge. The aim of this work was to develop a literature review focusing on the potential use humic gels in practice and also to enhance the consistency of other active ingredients. Based on this literature review, the main aim was to prepare model humic hydrogels with selected active ingredients and their characterization by basic methods of material analysis. These basic methods were especially rheology and visual assessment of consistency during the preparation, then the samples were subjected process of drying and swelling. Experimental results showed considerable influences during the preparation and composition of each sample, which then reflected in their structure and consistency. Furthermore, it was found that the suitable composition and combination of ingredients form hydrogels acceptable characteristics for further use in cosmetic or pharmaceutical applications.
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Development of Electrochemical Thin-layer Degradation Cell for Oxidation Stress Testing of Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients
Šefčík, Martin ; Kubíčková, Anna (advisor) ; Coufal, Pavel (referee)
In this thesis, the oxidation conditions in a new electrochemical "thin-layer" flow-through cell for the study of the oxidative degradation of active pharmaceutical ingredients were optimized. In this field, it is an innovative approach to studying the oxidation properties of substances. The cell was manufactured using 3D printing technology. Oxidation was carried out in a two-electrode arrangement with a working boron-doped diamond electrode (BDDE) and an auxiliary stainless steel electrode. Optimization of conditions was performed using salicylic acid as a model active pharmaceutical ingredient. The electrochemical approach was used to degrade this active pharmaceutical ingredient by the required approximately 20% of the original amount in only 2.3 min. Thus, the degradation time was significantly reduced compared to the oxidative stability stress tests of active pharmaceutical ingredients commonly used today. Two major degradation products were observed, namely gentisic acid and 2,3-dihydroxybenzoic acid. The degradation products obtained by electrochemical oxidation and chemical oxidation using hydrogen peroxide are identical.
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Dissecting the effects of salicylic acid on redox balance in plant cells using biochemical and fluorescent imaging techniques
Růžičková, Gabriela ; Burketová, Lenka (advisor) ; Janda, Martin (referee)
Topic of bachelor thesis is plant immunity, specifically it focuses on salicylic acid, reactive oxygen species, it also analyses hox salicylic acid effects formation of reactive oxygen species and which proteins are involved in this biosynthesis. Also in this thesis is described basic methods for measuring of reactive oxygen species, what are advantages, disadvantages, how they work and what they can be used for. Salicylic acid is one of phytohormones involved in immune reaction in plant defence, this thesis is describing salicylic acid signalling, associated proteins and overall effect on plant. Reactive oxygen species have wide framework of action in organisms, they can be called double-edged sword, they can help plant, but also, they can harm depending on their concentration and regulation of their forming, the problem of their quenching is also described in this thesis - their formation, antioxidants, effect on plant immunity. Chapter about measuring methods is divide into three parts - fluorescence methods, chemiluminescence methods and spectrophotometric (histochemical) methods. Key words: salicylic acid, reactive oxygen species, plant immunity, plant stress, phytohormones
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The characterisation of organ-specific phytohormone responses to nutrient deficiency and biotic stress
Kramná, Barbara ; Vaňková, Radomíra (advisor) ; Hronková, Marie (referee) ; Plíhalová, Lucie (referee)
Abiotic and biotic stresses lead to crop yield losses and ultimately negatively affect agriculture production. Elucidation of the mechanisms of plant stress responses and their regulation could help to understand plant defence and improve stress tolerance. Phytohormones stand behind both plant growth and developmental changes as well as stress signalling. This thesis summarises the results published in two articles focused on phytohormone dynamics in response to abiotic and biotic stresses, namely phosphate shortage and Plasmodiophora brassicae infection. A review article focuses in depth on strigolactones as master regulators of phosphate deficiency responses. The main emphasis is put on organ-specific reactions and exogenous phytohormone treatment with the potential to convey stress tolerance. In the case of phosphate shortage, the universal reaction in all organs was a decrease in active cytokinin trans-zeatin and gibberellin GA4 with a concurrent elevation of abscisic acid. Also, the high- affinity phosphate transporters (PHT1;4 and PHT1;7) exhibited increased gene expression within the whole plant. Shoot apical meristems showed numerous changes in gene expression and were the most affected organ during the lack of phosphate. Only in roots, we observed a substantial elevation of low active...
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Use of Fenton Reaction for Drug Degradation in the Ecosystem
Tomešová, Lenka ; Smrček, Stanislav (advisor) ; Břichnáčová Habartová, Věra (referee)
The elimination of unwanted substances from the ecosystem can be accomplished by advanced oxidation processes (AOP). AOPs are used preferably in treatment of wastewater. One of the AOP's methods is Fenton's reaction. The degradation of drug residues by this reaction was the aim the project. The experiments were focused on finding possible degradation products, which could be much more hazardous than parent compounds. The study was primarily concerned with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (acetaminophen, diclofenac, ibuprofen, naproxen and salicylic acid) and antiepileptic carbamazepine. The complete decomposition of tested compounds was not observed by using HPLC and MS analysis. The products of decomposition were found in reaction mixture, in case of diclofenac dechloration of aromatic ring occurred. In cases of most compounds with exception of acetoaminophen and salicylic acid the reaction led to the formation of more polar products than parent compounds. The results imply that even more advanced oxidation processes do not cause complete destruction of organic compounds. Key words: Fentons reaction, drug residues, acetaminophen, diclofenac, ibuprofen, carbamazepine, naproxen, salicylic acid.
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Influence of salicylic acid on naproxene and diclofenac phytoextraction.
Vrtalová, Martina ; Smrček, Stanislav (advisor) ; Břichnáčová Habartová, Věra (referee)
The influence of salicylic acid on the naproxene a diclofenac phytoextraction at different starting concentrations of tested substances has been investigated. The experiments were performed using in vitro sterile hydroponic cultivation of Helianthus annus, Pisum sativum, Brassica napus and Zea mays plants on the Murashige-Skoog cultivation medium supplemented with appropriate combinations of tested substances. The extraction of naproxene (15 or 17 mg/l) in the presence of salicylic acid (1 or 5 mg/l) was decreased at B. napus and P. sativum plants. In contrast to these results the phytoextraction by H. annuus plants was increased by the use of the same experimental conditions . At diclofenac/salicylic acid combinations and H. annuus plants the positive influence of salicylic acid in the concentration of 1 mg/l on diclofenac phytoextraction was found while the concentration of 5 mg/l diminished the phytoextraction efficiency. At other used plant species the extraction of diclofenac was concentration dependently decreased by salicylic acid. The obtained results clearly show that phytoextraction in multicomponent mixtures is complicated and in tested systems the salicylic acid moderately influenced phytoextraction of naproxene and diclofenac in dependence on the used plant species ad salicylic acid...
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Connection between Unfolded Protein Response (UPR) and plant immunity
Kapr, Jan ; Burketová, Lenka (advisor) ; Vosolsobě, Stanislav (referee)
This bachelor thesis is concerned with the specific pathway in a response to endoplasmic reticulum stress in plant cells - the Unfolded Protein Response (UPR) and its role in plant immunity signalling. The work summarizes the main recent knowledges of molecular components of plant immunity and response to plant pathogens, focusing on important molecules that are also connected to UPR. The role of salicylic acid as a molecule on a crossroad between UPR signalling pathways and local and systemic resistence, is highlighted in this work. Recently, the phospholipids have also been shown to be important component of signaling pathways in response to biotic stress in plants and their role is also mentioned.
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