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Hodnocení reakce odrůd pšenice seté k suchu metodami molekulární biologie
Sodomová, Karolína
This thesis deals with the issue of drought, which is occurring more and more frequently with ongoing climate change. During longer or intense periods of drought in the agricultural landscape, significant losses in the yields of field crops can occur. Here, the effect of drought in laboratory conditions on two preselected varieties of winter wheat was monitored. It is the most cultivated crop in the Czech Republic, and therefore it is important to know the mechanism of its defense against a stressful environment. The response to stress was evaluated by molecular biology methods. Through the Real Time PCR method, the expression of selected genes was monitored, thanks to which the reactions of the Bohemia and Tonnage varieties were compared. The results show that Bohemia loses water more slowly when exposed to drought stress. At the same time, a higher expression of protective genes can be observed in the Tonnage variety. This indicates its lower tolerance to drought. It can therefore be argued that in an agricultural landscape where droughts occur more often, it will be more appropriate to grow a more tolerant variety to reduce yield losses, which in this experiment is the Bohemia variety.
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Yield formation parameters of winter wheat under two CO2 levels in water sufficient and depleted environment
Hlaváčová, Marcela ; Klem, Karel ; Veselá, Barbora ; Findurová, Hana ; Hlavinka, Petr ; Smutná, P. ; Horáková, V. ; Škarpa, P. ; Trnka, Miroslav
Agricultural production faces with ongoing climate that in Europe takes form of changing seasonal precipitation pattern with more frequent drought spells. These changes come on top of rising air temperature and did and will affect productivity as well as onset and duration of key developmental stages for yield formation of major staple crops such as wheat. In order to ensure stable agricultural production and satisfy demand of the increasing humanpopulation, it is crucial to know responses of major field crops to these abiotic stress factors to assess suitability of genotypes to specific environmental conditions. The aim of this study was to evaluate final yield formation parameters of five winter wheat genotypes cultivated in pots and exposed to two different levels of CO2 concentrations (400 ppm as ambient and 700 ppm as elevated CO2 concentrations) and two water treatments (well- watered control and drought-stressed plants). Theexperimental treatments were set up in growth chambers from the end of heading stage (BBCH 59)to the beginning of ripening stage (BBCH 71) to simulate the conditions under future climate. The results showed that elevated CO2 concentration led to: (1) mitigation of reduction in final yield formation parameters of drought-stressed plants compared to those of control, (2) enhanced results of drought-stressed treatments compared to those of drought-stressed treatments exposed to the ambient CO2 concentration. Pannonia NS was found out as the less responsive genotype to the exposition of CO2 concentration (no statistically significant differences among ambient and elevated CO2 concentrations in all yield formation parameters were identified). On contrary, harvest index of genotype Bohemia was identified as the most sensitive parameter in response to drought stress as well as to the atmospheric CO2 concentration.
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Sledování výskytu houbových chorob u vybraných odrůd pšenice ozimé
Veselý, Michael
Abstract This bachelor thesis called Monitoring the occurrence of fungal diseases in selected winter wheat varieties deals with research on the occurrence of fungal diseases during vegetation on treated and untreated variant of common winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L. emend. Fiori et Paol.). The whole monitoring was performed in the Žabčice experi-mental field. In a total of twelve variants and three repetition of selected varieties.In the given period, pathogens of (Blumeria graminis, Mycosphaerella graminicola, Stagono-spora nodorum and Pyrenophora triticirepentis) were found. This work clearly shows the benefits of choosing the right varieties of wheat that are resistant to selected fungal diseases and can affect the profitability of growing.
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Vliv půdních podmínek na dynamiku růstu a tvorbu výnosu u vybraných odrůd pšenice seté
Pokorná, Veronika
The presented work provides the results of experiments with winter wheat during the growing season 2016/2017, which were established at the field research station of Mendel University in Žabčice. Eight winter wheat varieties were grown on two sites with different water regimes in the soil (optimal conditions - Obora/water-limited conditions - Písky). The varieties were evaluated for the number of spikes per area, thousand seed weight and grain number per spike. Then the grain yield per hectare and harvest index (which was calculated as the ratio of biomass and grain) were evaluated. In the water-limited conditions, there was a decrease in all monitored characters. The site had the largest influence on the number of spikes per area where the average number of spikes per area under water-limited conditions fell by 23 %. The second most affected was thousand seed weight which was decreased by 19 %, and the least affected character was grain number per spike, which was changed by 11 %. The harvest index was lower on water-limited field. The weight of biomass was reduced by 24 – 34 % and weight of grain was reduced by 50 % for evaluated varieties. The average yield at the site with optimal conditions was 10,4 t per ha and at water-limited conditions site it was 6,1 t per ha. According to the results of this harvest year 2017 varieties Patras, Gordian and Cimrmanova raná were found as suitable for worse conditions. On the other hand varieties Tobak and Hyfi seem to be unsuitable for stressful conditions.
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Vliv rozmístění živin v půdním profilu na konkurenci mezi plevely a plodinou
Panoc, Jan
Nitrogen is one of the most important part of nutrition of winter wheat. However, if in the crop are weeds capable of using nitrogen more efficiently, the area-wide fertilization can make competitive ability higher for weed, after that there is a reduction in the yield of wheat. Example of weed with this ability is cleavers (Galium aparine). Possibility how we can eleiminate this weed ability is using precision placement of fertilizer under the crop row. The aim of this thesis is finding out of positive effects of precision placement of nitrogen fertilizer (calcium nitrate) in comparison with area-wide fertilization for reduction competitive ability of cleavers against wheat. The experiment was containerized and was run in a growth room with controlled conditions. Based of the experiment, it was found, that competition of cleavers was decreased by precision placement of fertilizer but growth of wheat was decreased too because of higher nitrate availability in the soil. This method of fertilization does not produce the expected effect for better wheat competitive ability.
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Methods of detection of fungal diseases applicable in plant phenotyping and remote sensing
Klem, Karel ; Veselá, Barbora ; Holub, Petr ; Urban, Otmar ; Mezera, J.
This methodology summarises findings from a comparison of three perspective methods of fungal disease detection applicable for remote sensing and plant phenotyping of fungal disease resistance. These methods are spectral reflectance, infrared thermal imaging, and blue-green fluorescence imaging. On the example of winter wheat infection with powdery mildew, stripe rust and brown rust the strengths and weaknesses of individual methods were demonstrated. From these results it is evident that all three methods are potentially applicable for non-destructive fungal disease detection, but their practical use may vary. Testing of spectral reflectance indices for the detection of fungal diseases showed particularly the high detection reliability of the red-edge and green band based spectral vegetation indices. Infrared thermal imaging has shown high detection accuracy for powdery mildew and brown rust, but lower for stripe rust. Blue-green fluorescence and thermal imaging seems to be also a very promising tools for evaluating the intensity and spatial distribution of infection on a leaf level.
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Vliv agroekologických podmínek na tvorbu výnosu u vybraných odrůd pšenice ozimé
Pokorná, Veronika
The bachelor thesis presents the results of experiment with winter wheat, which was established at the field research station of Mendel Univerzity in Žabčice in 2014/2015 growing season. A group of eight varietes was set after two different fore-crops, pea and winter wheat. The varieties were evaluated for the yield per hectare, number of spikes per area, thousand seed weight, grain number per spike and volume weight. The average yield after peas crop was 12.07 t per ha and after wheat 10.81 t per ha. The highest yielding variety after fore-crops peas was Gordian (12.77 t per ha) and after wheat it was Elan (11.87 t per ha). There were determined varieties sensitive to fore-crop: Evina, Dagmar, Patras and tolerant varieties: Elan, Rumor.
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Mode of action of resistance inducers against powdery mildew in wheat
Grigová, Vendula ; Šašek, M. ; Věchet, L. ; Burketová, Lenka
One of the method, how to increase resistance of plants against disease without changes of their genom is use of phenomenon known as induced resistance. Plant protection in system of induced resistance is based on activation of defence mechanisms of plants by stimulation of methabolic and structural changes in plants. For induction of resistance is used many compounds of chemical and biological origin. This work informs about mode of action of inductors used in pathosystem wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) – powdery mildew (Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici). Efficiency of cited inducers were analysed by means of markers genes expression and by finding out infective structures of Blumeria. Slight expression of WCI5 (wheat chemically induced gene) ) and WCK1 (gene encoding a MAP kinase in wheat) was detected. Test of germinability showed that BTH (benzothiadiazol) treatment and treatment of oak bark extract caused an inhibition of germinative activity of Blumeria graminis spores on wheat.
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