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Leucocytozoon and methods of its detection in raptors
Sekerášová, Iveta ; Brzoňová, Jana (advisor) ; Majerová, Karolina (referee)
The genus Leucocytozoon is a bird parasite. Its hosts constitute usually of representatives of the Falconiformes group and hawks (Accipitridae). The vector of this parasite are blackflies (family Simuliidae). This thesis brings an overview of species of the genus Leucocytozoon so far detected in birds of prey. The thesis focuses primarily on methods of detecting Leucocytozoon in hosts. Traditionally, this genus has been described on the basis of its morphological characters observed via microscope. With the discovery of polymerase chain reaction method (PCR), the detection possibilities expanded and allow us to study this parasite on molecular levels. The thesis contains a basic overview of detection methods, characteristics of their principles and outlines their strengths and weaknesses regarding the practical applicability as well. Based on that, the microscopic approach alongside with the detection based on molecular methods is recommended.
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Hedgehogs as the hosts of arthropod-transmitted zoonotic pathogens in Europe
Klimešová, Běla ; Majerová, Karolina (advisor) ; Hönig, Václav (referee)
In Europe, mainly two hedgehog species are distributed - Erinaceus europaeus and E. roumanicus. Both species are suitable reservoir hosts for zoonotic vector-borne pathogens. Hedgehogs have different ectoparasites - ticks, fleas and mosquitoes. Among them, ticks Ixodes ricinus and I. hexagonus are the most important vectors for human pathogens, less importance has the flea species Archaeopsylla erinacei. Variety of viruses and bacteria were detected in hedgehogs: Ťahyňa virus, Tick-borne Encephalitis virus (TBEV), Anaplasma phagocytophilum, Bartonella spp., Borrelia spp. and Neoehrlichia mikurensis. In case of TBEV, hedgehogs are considered to be reservoir hosts. For the rest of detected pathogens, the role of hedgehogs in their life cycle is not clear yet. On the base of published information we can conclude, that the hedgehogs can be source of vector-borne pathogens that cause serious human diseases, especially in urban area where their populations are relatively large. According to the literature review, there are only small differences between the two European hedgehog's species pathogens spectrum and these differences are probably caused by unequal research of the host species. Key words: Erinaceus roumanicus, Erinaceus europaeus, zoonotic diseases, vector - borne diseases, reservoir hosts
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Leucocytozoon and methods of its detection in raptors
Sekerášová, Iveta ; Brzoňová, Jana (advisor) ; Majerová, Karolina (referee)
The genus Leucocytozoon is a bird parasite. Its hosts constitute usually of representatives of the Falconiformes group and hawks (Accipitridae). The vector of this parasite are blackflies (family Simuliidae). This thesis brings an overview of species of the genus Leucocytozoon so far detected in birds of prey. The thesis focuses primarily on methods of detecting Leucocytozoon in hosts. Traditionally, this genus has been described on the basis of its morphological characters observed via microscope. With the discovery of polymerase chain reaction method (PCR), the detection possibilities expanded and allow us to study this parasite on molecular levels. The thesis contains a basic overview of detection methods, characteristics of their principles and outlines their strengths and weaknesses regarding the practical applicability as well. Based on that, the microscopic approach alongside with the detection based on molecular methods is recommended.
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Mosquito flaviviruses in the Czech Republic
Majerová, Karolina ; Votýpka, Jan (advisor) ; Kopecký, Jan (referee)
Flaviviruses (genus Flavivirus, family Flaviviridae) includes a number of medically and veterinary important arboviruses. Most of them are transmitted by mosquitoes, such as West Nile virus, yellow fever virus, dengue virus or Zika virus. In the last decade, there has been discovered number of flaviviruses which have not known vertebrate host. They are called insect-specific flaviviruses (ISFs). These viruses have been detected in dipteran insects (mostly in mosquitoes) from all over the world. It seems they induce no pathogenic changes even in insect and they are not able to infect any vertebrate cells. However in some recent studies has been shown that some ISFs could influence the replication of other medically important flaviviruses in mosquito cells. In addition, they probably represent an ancestrial lineage of the family Flaviviridae and further studies focused on them could help to clarify which characteristics of flaviviruses enable them to infect vertebrates. There is not a lot of information about the ecology of ISFs and it is suggested that most ISFs have not been discovered yet. Main goal of this thesis was to detect ISFs in mosquitoes in the Czech Republic, where have not been made any exstensive research of these viruses yet. In case of discover some undiscribed ISFs we wanted to characterize...
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Canine babesisosis in Europe
Majerová, Karolina ; Votýpka, Jan (advisor) ; Široký, Pavel. (referee)
Babesiosis is a parasitic disease that affects various animal species and also human. It is characteristic by erythrocyte destruction and malaria-like syndroms and caused by different Babesia species which belong to the phylum Apicomplexa. Canine babesiosis is a serious veterinary disease which has recently spread to new regions in Europe and belongs to the cathegory of "emerging infectious diseases". The most common causative agent of canine babesiosis in Europe is Babesia canis whose vector is a tick Dermacentor reticulatus. The range of geographical distribution of D. reticulatus has been expanding in last decades - probably due to climate changes - northward and in Central Europe westward too. Occurrence of canine babesiosis in new regions which have been well documented from Central and Western Europe, is probably caused by the spread of its tick vector, Dermacentor reticulatus, but more factors can play a role.
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