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Neutrum versus nonneutrum (a pragmatic-cognitive aspect of the category of gender)
Vondráček, Miloslav
Neutrum versus nonneutrum (a pragmatic-cognitive aspect of the category of gender) Abstrakt angl.: Gender has become a rather formal linguistic category. However, masculines, feminines and neutra are projected in language users´ minds as namings for male, female and immature beings. Czech language has several means of establishing a hierarchy of gender distinguishing/indifferent naming means. Gender partly appears as a cognitive category. A pronoun which belongs in the system to those non-expressing gender gains a particular gender semantics in real speech, which is formally projected into congruent forms; we talk about ourselves as about male or female beings.The paper presents a documentary of a communicative use of a (dis)harmony between gender implications of nouns and awareness of their holders´ sexual membership.
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Issues in the research of visual space perception: The geometry of visual space, relationship between the spatial descriptors, and the metric vs. ordinal data
Šimeček, Michal ; Šikl, Radovan
In the article, the authors summarize the main results of their research activity in the field of visual space perception. In the particular experimental projects, they focused on the relationship between the partial spatial descriptors in the process of forming the complex three-dimensional percept. Also, the geometry of the optical space was dealt in with respect to the Euclidean geometry of the physical space. The principle finding concerns the notion of anisotropic curvature of visual space. Finally, the question of plausibility of experiments requiring the perceptual judgements as expressed in metrical units (Euclidean tasks) was raised. The reason for this approach being used is to gather data directly comparable with the physical properties of space. On the other hand, in Euclidean tasks, the ecological validity of knowledge gained is inevitably limited and the danger of intrusion of nonperceptual factors is pervasive.
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Constraints as an organizing principle of perception
Šikl, Radovan ; Šimeček, Michal
Human visual perception is far from being an exact copy of reality. For the observer, it is much more important to dispose of relevant and immediately usable information. In fact, the accuracy allowing the safe interactions through the environment is sufficient. The perception always mirrors the life style, i.e., it is optimalized for managing the requirements of everyday situations. These requirements have gradually modified the human visual system in the course of evolution and also led to the forming of internal constraints (presuppositions).
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Current psychological approaches to the subject of autobiographical memory
Vlčková, Irena ; Čermák, Ivo
The research of memory has always been one of the most important topics in cognitive psychology while the particular research of the autobiographical memory has started in the last decades. In this paper the development of the autobiographical memory research is outlined through the different psychological approaches such as the social sonstructivism; the cognitive psychology and the discoursive psychology. The discoursive psychology highlights the interplay of self, memory and culture in the autobiographical memory development. The cognitive psychology developed the motivational theory of the autobiographical memory whereas its function is to preserve information about individual`s goals and motives. The narrative approach to the autobiographical memory is also mentioned thus presents the subject of the autobiographical memory in the comprehensive and many-layered perspective.
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Unconscious perception still sharply perceived
Špok, Dalibor
This study deals with the roots of interest in unconscious perception research in psychology. It introduces the concepts of strong and weak unconsciousness, methodological approaches (direct/indirect effects of perception, signal-detection theory) and their pros and cons. It describes incorrect-trials analysis, which can serve as a possible solution to some of the problems with experimental design of direct/indirect effects of perception.
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Semantic map of the concept "consciousness": Associations and categories
Špok, Dalibor
In the times of unprecedented interest in scientific research on consciousness, we should advance from ad hoc definitions towards thorough analysis of the meaning of this broad and ambiguous term. This analysis should be done not only in terms of philosophy of mind and various philosophical and psychological traditions, but also by examining the semantic position of this term in language and everyday use. This study tries to delimit basic "semantic map" of the term consciousness, basic realms and categories of everyday thinking about consciousness. If we want to research consciousness scientifically, we cannot omit any of these categories or we have to be aware of this limitation and narrow our scientific definition of the term.
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Human mind as a meaning-processing system
Urbánek, Tomáš
The whole human life is full of the continual work with meanings. Without them it would be impossible to have knowledge of outer and inner worlds, to react to the varying conditions, to communicate, to plan etc. Various branches of semantics, semiotics, philosophy or linguistics deal with meaning. Another discipline that should deal with the issues of meaning in a systematic way is psychology. Surprisingly this is not the case even though there are several authors that systematically engage in meaning matters. The paper will present psychological approaches that deal with various meaning topics, both theoretically and methodologically and will try to compare them.
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Modeling preverbal reprezentations based on the personal construct theory
Filip, Miroslav
The paper arguments for relational or holistic approach to typical psychological issues - mental reprezentations, concepts, experience or categorization, and confronts it with an atomistic approach. Furthemore it tries to support a hypothesis that not all parts of our experience are verbally structured. A formal argument and examples show that we need two complementary principles for psychological realization of any notion of the world which are known from structural semantics: principle of similarity and differences.
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