| |
| |
|
Do parasitoids influence mountain butterflies altitudinal distribution? Satyrinae in Krkonoše Mts.
STUCHLOVÁ, Klára
Parasitoids represent a diverse and little studied group of insects, employing variety of adaptations to utilize and kill their hosts. Among the unresolved issues related to the host-parasitoids interactions are responses of such interactions to global climate change, especially in cases specialized insect species adapted to cold environments such as alpine habitats. Example of such hosts are the Holarctic butterflies of the genus Erebia Dalman, 1986 (Nymphalidae: Satyrinae) inhabiting mountains of Central Europe. The aim of this study was sampling caterpillars of lowland and mountain Satyrinae butterflies, rearing the caterpillars to determine the degree of infestation and determine the host specificity of parasitoids using combination of classical and molecular methods. I sampled 39 caterpillars of the Meadow Brown (Maniola jurtina), seven caterpillars of the Mountain Ringlet (Erebia epiphron) and four caterpillars of the Large Ringlet (Erebia euryale) at 14 habitats along the altitudinal gradient in Krkonoše Mountains. It was found more than a one-third parasitization by Ichneumon caloscelis among Maniola jurtina caterpillars and no parasitoids among the mountain species. It suggests the possibility of a higher rate of infestation among species living at lower altitudes than at higher altitudes. There are many factors affecting the parasitization's rate among butterflies. This issue requires further monitoring. This study demonstrates the time-consuming sampling of solitary living caterpillars on common plants. Molecular determination of parasitoids using DNA barcoding is possible without major problems, but with certain restrictions.
|
|
Host specialization and species diversity in Strepsiptera of the genus Stylops
Jůzová, Kateřina ; Straka, Jakub (advisor) ; Malenovský, Igor (referee)
The twisted-wing parasites (Strepsiptera) are entomophagous insect order with cosmopolitan distribution. There are about 600 known species up to date. In spite of this, they have very broad host spectrum. Strepsiptera parasites in seven insect groups (Thysanura, Blattodea, Mantodea, Orthoptera, Hemiptera, Diptera, Hymenoptera). The mutual relationship between genera or even between species are not known, except for the species list and the host specification. Moreover, there is an anambiguous use of their species concept. Some authors consider Strepsiptera as the specialists and they match almost every host species with one separate strepsipteran parasite. The opposite concept is to consider strepsiptera as the generalists. The presence of the crypctic species also affect our understanding of the diversity of Strepsiptera. Therefore, the knowledge of Strepsiptera phylogeny provide us the important information about species diversity of studied group as well as about their coevolution with their hosts. On the basis of molecular analyses of three genes constructed the phylogeny genus Stylops. This genus has the wider spetrum of the host species from other strepsipterans of Stylopidae, It is obvious, that strepsipterans of genus Stylops are mainly specialised on their host subgenus. There was detected two...
|
|
Macroecology of European invertebrates:temporal and spatial patterns extracted from heterogeneous data
Keil, Petr ; Storch, David (advisor) ; Lepš, Jan (referee) ; Kindlmann, Pavel (referee)
Univerzita Karlova v Praze Přírodovědecká fakulta Katedra ekologie Makroekologie evropských bezobratlých: časové a prostorové patrnosti dobývané z heterogenních dat Autoreferát dizertační práce Petr Keil Školitel: Doc. David Storch, Ph.D. Praha 2010 Charles University in Prague Faculty of Science Department of Ecology Macroecology of European invertebrates: temporal and spatial patterns extracted from heterogeneous data Ph.D. thesis - summary Petr Keil Supervisor: Doc. David Storch, Ph.D. Prague 2010 SOUHRN Dizertační práce obsahuje pět kapitol. První čtyři kapitoly jsou věnovány několika aspektům makroekologie evropského hmyzu, jako jsou geografické a časové patrnosti druhového bohatsví. Pátá kapitola zkoumá některé makroekologické charakteristiky populační dynamiky v rámci neutrální teorie biodiverzity. Dizertace je opatřena úvodem, který se věnuje zejména metodickým problémům společným pro většinu kapitol. V Kapitolách I a II jsem se zabýval rozmístěním druhového bohatství pestřenek (Insecta: Diptera: Syrphidae) a vážek (Insecta: Odonata) napříč Evropou. Obě práce ukazují absenci jednoduchého poklesu druhového bohatství od jihu k severu. Druhově nejbohatší jsou horské oblasti kolem Středozemního moře, od kterých směrem na jih a na sever diverzita klesá. V obou případech se jako důležité proměnné...
|
|
Systemic mastocytosis
Košnerová, Jitka ; Cvačková, Milada (advisor)
The aim of my thesis is the introduction of the systemic mastocytosis and discussion about results of allergen immunotherapy in patients with systemic mastocytosis and its preventive effects against recurrent anaphylactic reactions. Patients with systemic mastocytosis are more prone to severe systemic anaphylactic reactions after Hymenoptera stings than in the general insect venom allergic population patients without elevated basal tryptase. This severe reaction can result in the death of the patient, it is important to prevent it prophylactically. The medication of choice in insect venom allergic patients is hyposensibilization therapy - allergen immunotherapy, which uses venom allergens of causal Hymenoptera (honey bee, yellow jacket). The thesis aims to summarize the results obtained so far about the appropriateness of this treatment in patients with systemic mastocytosis, side-effects during VIT, optimal dosing schedule and duration of treatment in these patients.
|
|
Influence of white and yellow flower rape on incidence of natural enemies of pests
Křížek, Stanislav ; Kazda, Jan (advisor) ; Daniel, Daniel (referee)
The insect society living in oilseed rape is large. Change of the crop characteristics affects both harmful species and beneficious ones. The latter group consists of a lot of members of order Hymenoptera. This work focuses on the evaluation of impact of white oilseed rape cultivation on the insect society in comparison with two yellow winter varieties. Newly bred winter oilseed rape line variety Witt was compared to two hybrid varieties of yellow rape; Sherpa and DK Sensei. The experiment was carried out in 2015 and its plots were placed at Ruzyně at Crop Reserach Institute (VÚRV, v. v. i.) and also at the Experimental Unit of Czech University of Life Sciences (ČZU) in Uhříněves. The insects were collected by sweeping net, soil larvae traps and soil emergence traps. The occurrence of serious pests (pollen beetle Brassicogethes aeneus, brassica pod midge Dasineura brassicae, cabbage seed weevil Ceutorhynchus obstrictus, stem flea beetle Psylliodes chrysocephalus and cabbage flea beetles Phyllotreta sp.) was recorded. Dominant parasitoid species were Tersilochus heterocerus, Platygaster subuliformis, Trichomalus perfectus, Mesopolobus morys and Omphale clypealis. The level of pest mortality was evaluated. Numbers of species identified by key were processed using generalized linear model method in R statistical software. The results confirm suitability of the assessed varieties in the white oilseed rape cultivation system, notably in the combination of Sherpa and Witt. They give an insight into parasitoid community of oilseed rape in Czech republic, which is useful for management of serious pest species.
|
|
Effect of succession and reclamation on wasps and bees (Hymenoptera: Aculea) on combustion by-products deposits
Eštok, Pavel ; Hendrychová, Markéta (advisor) ; Růžička, Jan (referee)
This diploma thesis summarises the available information about the importance and significance of post-industrial areas from the environmental point of view and information about natural conditions of the Central Bohemian Uplands (České středohoří) in the region of the town Louny. The thesis concerns especially the characteristic areas of the combustion by-products deposit of Třískolupy I and Třískolupy II which are connected with the Počerady brown coal power plant.
The practical aim of the thesis is to evaluate the effect of the different ash-material management on the presence of the aculea Hymenoptera (Hymenoptera: Aculeata), regarding especially its diversity and the presence of the rare species.
In the thesis, reclaimed areas have been compared with the areas in which spontaneous succession is proceeding. For the data collection, hymenoptera have been trapped in coloured plates filled with the salty solution of water and detergent, so-called Moerickeho pan traps.
From particular sampling sites 638 hymenoptera individuals have been collected through the monitored period of time and classified into 98 species and 13 families. Based on the collected samples it was possible to compare the differences between the succession and the reclamation sites. On the areas developing spontaneously more species and individuals were observed. In total, 26 rare species from Red List were recorded.
|
|
Basic comparison winter wheat and neighboring flowering strip
Suchý, Viktor ; Kazda, Jan (advisor) ; Josef, Josef (referee)
Summary
The winter wheat belongs to the staple crop not only around the whole world, but also in the Czech Republic, where it has been grown on about 38 percent of the cultivated land and, regarding the general share of cereals, on 60 percent of the cultivated land. Since the cereals do not provide nectar, nor are they the valuable source of pollen, as regards to the diversity of insects the cereals provide rather poor environment. The lack of food resources for the living species of insects in the agricultural landscape influenced by the high ratio of cereals should be compensated by flowering strips. Regardless of the potential of the flowering strips to support the biodiversity of insects in landscapes, the flowering strips could boost useful species of insects in surrounding plants and help with pest control.
In 2014 the research experiment on a flowering nectar-rich biostrip supposedly improving the presence of pollinators as well as natural enemies was done on the field of the research station in Uhrineves, Prague. In autumn 2014 the winter wheat was sowed and then in spring 2015 the flowering strips consisting of 12 plant species were sowed along one side of the winter wheat field. The observations of the insect species presence were always conducted during favourable climatic conditions from the beginning of June until the harvest of winter wheat in late July. Insect captures were conducted using Moericke traps method once or twice a week and sweep-netting method once every two weeks. The number of insects species such as predators (Coccinellidae, Cantharidae, Staphylinidae), parasitoids (Hymenoptera parasitica) and pollinators (Syrphidae) were observed. Simultaneously, the intensity of flowering including species of weeds was assessed. The open flowers were counted on four unchanged spots on the field, the area of 1 square metre. MS Excel was used for data processing.
The hypothesis of the project has been confirmed. Using the sweepnetting methods, the higher number of monitored insect species has been found in the flowering strips compared to the wheat vegetation. Significantly higher number of parasitic wasps specimens has been observed. The sweepnetting method is considered as an appropriate in comparison to Moericke traps, which have been luring the insects in the vicinity, but have not proved the real presence of insects in the cover.
|
|
Basic comparison of insect species diversity in various varieties of winter oilseed rape and neighboring flowering strip
Souček, Jiří ; Kazda, Jan (advisor) ; Josef, Josef (referee)
Rape seed is an very important crop in Czech republic. It is and economic plant and also good plant for another plants sowned another year. This caused that a lot of fields is sowned with rape seed. Rape seed is demanding a lot of chemistry against pests. This cause that in those fields is lower insect biodiversity. Flowering strips could be helpful to get higher insect biodiversity. Also it could help to decrease pests in rape seed.
Research was observing insect predators (Syrphidae, Staphylinidae, Coccinillidae, Cantharidae) and parasitoids (Hymenoptera parasitica).
Moericke traps were not a good choice for measurments of insect predators and it didnt prove higher diversity of those predators. However, Moerickeho traps proved that higher number of Brassicogethes were correlating with higher number of parasitoids.
|
guest ::
