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Effect of snowpack on runoff generation during rain on snow event.
Juras, Roman ; Máca, Petr (advisor) ; Ladislav , Ladislav (referee)
During a winter season, when snow covers the watershed, the frequency of rain-on-snow (ROS) events is still raising. ROS can cause severe natural hazards like floods or wet avalanches. Prediction of ROS effects is linked to better understanding of snowpack runoff dynamics and its composition. Deploying rainfall simulation together with hydrological tracers was tested as a convenient tool for this purpose. Overall 18 sprinkling experiments were conducted on snow featuring different initial conditions in mountainous regions over middle and western Europe.
Dye tracer brilliant blue (FCF) was used for flow regime determination, because it enables to visualise preferential paths and layers interface. Snowpack runoff composition was assessed by hydrograph separation method, which provided appropriate results with acceptable uncertainty. It was not possible to use concurrently these two techniques because of technical reasons, however it would extend our gained knowledge. Snowmelt water amount in the snowpack runoff was estimated by energy balance (EB) equation, which is very efficient but quality inputs demanding. This was also the reason, why EB was deployed within only single experiment.
Timing of snowpack runoff onset decrease mainly with the rain intensity. Initial snowpack properties like bulk density or wetness are less important for time of runoff generation compared to the rain intensity. On the other het when same rain intensity was applied, non-ripe snowpack featuring less bulk density created runoff faster than the ripe snowpack featuring higher bulk density. Snowpack runoff magnitude mainly depends on the snowpack initial saturation. Ripe snowpack with higher saturation enabled to generate higher cumulative runoff where contributed by max 50 %. In contrary, rainwater travelled through the non-ripe snowpack relatively fast and contributed runoff by approx. 80 %.
Runoff prediction was tested by deploying Richards equation included in SNOWPACK model. The model was modified using a dual-domain approach to better simulate snowpack runoff under preferential flow conditions. Presented approach demonstrated an improvement in all simulated aspects compared to the more traditional method when only matrix flow is considered.
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Using Weather Generators for the Assessment of the Impact of Climate Change in Catchments
Martínková, Marta ; Hanel, Martin (advisor) ; Máca, Petr (referee)
The main objective of this dissertation is to provide a novel approach to downscaling of outputs from regional climate models and to simulation of future climate. The resulting method consists of rain generator that operates in 6-hour time step. The generator performs well for the observational data.
It consists of following steps: disaggregation of 6-hour cumulative precipitation into convective and stratiform types, fitting of first order 3-state discrete time Markov chain to the data and simulation of long time series of precipitation. Then the mixture of log-normal and Generalized Pareto distribution is fitted to stratiform events and the Generalized extreme value distribution is fitted to convective events.
The impact of climate change on precipitation is evaluated by using change factors that are identified for precipitation occurrence (by comparing the transition matrices for the future and control period) and for precipitation amount (by comparing the scale and location parameters of distributions fitted for the future and control period). The observational data are then altered with obtained change factors.
From evaluation of observational data it stems that the average volume of an convective event is higher for the western region than for eastern region of the Czech Republic. Additionally, statistically significant trends in number and volume of convective events were identified for the region.
The relative portion of convective precipitation is the highest in summer for observational data.
From analysis of RCMs simulations, it stems that even though the overall precipitation is projected to be lower in future, the proportion of convective events (versus stratiform ones) would be higher. The number of convective events is projected to be lower in the future, while the volume of a convective event to be bigger.
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Applying of marketing tools in the ČSOB
Skalová, Jana ; Vokáčová, Lucie (advisor) ; Kala, Václav (referee)
The Bachelor thesis deals with marketing tools of Czechoslovak Commercial Bank (ČSOB) in comparison with other brands of the organization - Poštovní spořitelna and Era. The thesis tackles event marketing in greater detail as a communication tool with yet increasing importance for reaching new clients and building customer relations. People are nowadays searching for emotions and experience which is precisely what event marketing offers. The way of use of this marketing tool by ČSOB brands is described in this thesis.
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The development of thermophilic vegetables grown in the Czech Republic in relation to climate
Zechovská, Andrea ; Potopová, Vera (advisor) ; Brigita, Brigita (referee)
This Master's thesis deals with the yield and quality parameters of thermophilic vegetables according to the risk occurrences of extreme weather events in the Czech Republic. This thesis is also focused on the impact of climate change and extreme weather events on development of vegetable crops, and possible cultivation of thermophilic vegetables outside of typical growing areas.
The major part of vegetable production is affected by agro-climate, biological, technical and economic aspects. The main tasks of this study are follows: (i) to combine daily meteorological variables with annual yield datasets, (ii) to provide basic statistical analysis of yield of thermophilic vegetables and weather events, and (iii) to identify days with heat stress (both the spring frost and tropical days) during the growing cycle of thermophilic vegetables for the period from 2005 to 2015.
This thesis also contains detailed research of phenological phases of tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum) during each farming year and impact of different weather extreme events on plant development and yield. Results based on the analysis of historical meteorological observations and descriptive statistics of yield parameters indicate that the positive factors are higher temperatures, optimal rainfall in combination with irrigation and higher intensity of global solar radiation. Conversely, frosts days during planting and increased intensity of rainfall in all phenological phases are detected as negative factors.
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Atomic weapon as an instrument of peace
Filip, David ; Stellner, František (advisor) ; Soběhart, Radek (referee)
Regarding the existence of nuclear weapons, which were never used all over atomic bombings of Nagasaki and Hiroshima as a tool of war against civilian or military targets during the Cold War, I try to give an explanation of "armed peace". I consider the question of why the two superpowers (the USA and the USSR) didn't start a "hot war" that would have been more likely nuclear. As an example of the most critical event will serve me Cuban Missile Crisis, with which can be the description of it understood in broader context. The paper points to the interrelations of opposing ideologies that related to atomic weapons have often drawn the same conclusions. I examine the military-strategic value of the atomic bombs which have shaped international relations troughtout the second half of the twentieth century. Besides the military aspects I also mention economic interpretation of the nuclear arms race and economic potential of the USSR and the USA. Why have in the first instance occured one-sided and than gradually overall disarment, reducing the number of nuclear warheads? I try to documented the explanation out of historical events also by using teoretical models.
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The survey of selected parameters of the intervention of Fire Rescue Service of Prague in case of carbon monooxide presence
JOB, Lukáš
The association between intoxication by hazardous chemicals and selected parameters response of the Integrated Rescue System is currently a frequently discussed theme. This connection is especially observed where the main source of carbon monoxide poisoning. Fire and Rescue Service of the Czech Republic in cooperation with the Integrated Rescue System units solves a wide range of events every year just with the leakage of carbon monoxide. This gas was, and today still is the cause of much intoxication, especially when using Karma for water heating. That is the reason why this thesis focuses precisely on the investigation of selected parameters response of the Fire and Rescue Service of the capital City of Prague upon the carbon monoxide occurrence. Important factors influencing the progress of the intervention is i.a., knowledge of the toxic effects of this gas and its effects on the human body, but also adequate quantity and quality of the detection devices and protective equipment. This diploma thesis deals with the investigation of selected parameters mentioned above emergency interventions, be subsequently treated by in the period from 2010 to 2014 under the Fire and Rescue Service of the capital City of Prague. The theoretical part describes the hazardous chemical substance (carbon monoxide) in terms of chemical, physical, biological, and also its use. The important part is the detailed description of the intoxication of carbon monoxide in the organism, the degradation of the organism, consequences of poisoning and medical procedures. Further have been also described respiratory protective devices, which are focused on the protective filters. When processing the diploma thesis is also found all events with the release of carbon monoxide in the capital City of Prague territory. These data are based on the statistical monitoring of events that leads and processes Fire and Rescue Service of the capital City of Prague. From statistic of interventions are subsequently searched data on the number of killed, wounded and rescued persons who are within the statistics registered. As comparative parameters are selected data on average daily temperatures and average daily pressures in the capital City of Prague territory. These data are for the period provided by the Czech Hydrometeorological Institute, Prague subdivision. The diploma thesis is determined and verified hypotheses of influence of the average daily temperature on the frequency of interventions with the presence of carbon monoxide in the capital City of Prague territory in the monitored period, average daily pressures influence on the frequency of interventions with the presence of carbon monoxide in the capital City of Prague territory and affect of the average daily temperature on the average daily pressures. The gained information is comprehensively and detailed processed into tables. The events in tables are divided by years, months. Afterwards it provides a general overview of emergency interventions in the monitored period. The processed data are then statistically examined and evaluated. In the first part is determined statistical unit for the period of five years. The data are also tabulated together with the average temperature and the average pressure and then suitably scaled. Then calculation of the general moments of the first order, standard deviations and correlation analysis follows. The results are compared with prescribed intervals. Based on a comparison of the results with the prescribed intervals is evaluated that the number of events does not correlate with the temperature, so the number of events with a temperature not connected, the number of events is positively correlated with the pressure, which means that the number of events related to the pressure. The temperature correlates positively with the pressure, i.e., these two parameters together, purview within performed examination, related.
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Quantification of the impact of rainfall-runoff events on nutrient loads from the watershed
STREITOVÁ, Eva
This diploma thesis deals with clarification of an influence of rain discharge events on nutrients loss from drainage area and which rain discharge events are the main cause of the loss. Within the scope of this the influence of these episodes on drainage area of the Jenínský brook will be quantified, more specifically sub-drainage area J2. The thesis describes not only the circle of water in the nature, specification of rain drainage events origin, but also the very factors which influence the water drainage and the loss of nutrients caused by the drainage. Furthermore, the basic nutrients which appear the most often and in the biggest quantities in our waters are described, these being nitrogen and phosphor and last but not least what is described here is the total loss of nutrients in water during rain drainage events. The description of a drainage area itself and a water intake profile J2 follows. The water intake profile J2 was the source for processing the results. The results were processed by several computational methods, which were compared to each other in the end. The loss during 5 extreme rain events was calculated and so was their percentage representation in the total annual losses and the consecutive evaluation of the results.
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PROTECTION AND SECURITY OF PRISONERS IN THE EVENT OF AN EMERGENCY - FLOOD
VALÍKOVÁ, Iva
The topic of the Bachelor degree thesis "Protection and security of prison's inmates during an extraordinary event - a flood," was chosen for the study, whether the prison is able to cope with more floods. And whether it is possible to maintain the prisoners protection and security stipulated by regulations during this extraordinary accident. This thesis summarizes the issue of the inmates security, the issue of the location of the remand prison, describes a system on the preparation of crisis management by the Prison Service of the Czech Republic and is supported by the research about flooding of the prison parts according to the flood plans. The aim of the thesis was to prepare a study on the basis of flood protection plans, whether the prison is able to manage other floods. A research question was: "Is it possible to keep the inmates protection and security stipulated by regulations during this emergency?" An aid to achieving adequate information, was used graphic depiction of the prison area, that would have been flooded depending on the announced stage of the flood activity. In the graphical depiction there is assessed prison parts, which were flooded in the year 2002 or are at risk of partial inundation by special flood of Římov Reservoir. All instructions and orders resulting from the standpoints of the crisis staff of the prison would be passed on to individual prison employees through an operations center by radio or by broadcasting. Basic operations after the emergency declaration would be transferring inmates to another prison, this measure applies only if there is sufficient time reserve. Furthermore, the exclusion of the free movement of these people outside the prison, tightening control activities in prisons, expansion of the prison capacity , beginning of the rescue operations and implementing a plan notification and collecting staff of the Remand Prison Ceske Budejovice. On the based of information processing from flood plans, there was shown from diagrams, that during the third level of the flood activity it will be necessary to make a prompt relocation of prisoners from basements to higher floors, moving food from the warehouse in the basement again to the upper floors and starting rescue operations for the protection of persons and property of the Prison Service of the Czech Republic. The case of long-time flooding, more than 3 days, or even in the case of a special flood would have arisen the problem of food security, drinking water and fuel for an alternative source of electricity. There is saved a certain reserve of fuel in the prison, but it is not possible to predict the period for which the reserve will be sufficient. Therefore immediately during the warning of a possible flood threat, it would be appropriate to ensure enough fuel. An area with an emergency drinking water storage appears to be also safe. This space was assessed as suitable only after the flood in 2002. Therefore there will be also limited warranty here to maintain the operability of this important resource. Again, the question would arise here whether the resource is sufficient in the case of long lasting floods. The study showed that for the crisis staff of the prison it is necessary the well-timed warning of floods to be capable an immediate and adequate response. It would be the prompt launching of rescue works, to prevent an effect of emergency and associated risks, loss of life, health, property and the environment. The prison has enough forces for rescue and liquidation works in the form of sentenced persons and sufficient prison staff. It was confirmed by evaluation of results, that the remand prison Ceske Budejovice adequately resolves the preparation for emergencies - floods, up to a few exceptions which relate to long lasting flooding or special flood. Remand prison Ceske Budejovice is able to manage other floods, without violating the protection stipulated by regulations and security of inmates.
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