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Nosocomial Infections in an In-Patient Department
Kopecký, Jindřich Bc. ; Střítecký, Rudolf (advisor) ; Lešetický, Ondřej (referee)
Nozokomiální infekce jsou v současné době významnou příčinou vzrůstající morbidity a mortality ve všech zdravotnických zařízení. Neznalost či ignorance metod prevence nozokomiálních nákaz může vést k závažnému ohrožení zdraví a života pacienta a výraznému zvýšení nákladů na léčbu. Práce komplexně představuje problematiku nozokomiálních nákaz a jejich efektů na lůžkové zdravotnické zařízení. Pozornost je věnována charakteristice procesu šíření nákaz, popsání současného stavu ve sledování a prevenci nákaz a konečně popsání situace v jedné nemocnici okresního typu.
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Function analysis of overexpression of gene for a Myb transcription factor from tomato, potential target of viroid infection
ONDRUŠ, Jaroslav
The main aim of this thesis was to find out whether gene Trifoliate, encoding a transcription factor from Myb family could be target of viroid PSTVd and is involved in its unknown interactions with host plant molecules, responsible for PSTVd pathogenesis. For this purpose, transformation of wild type plants Arabidopsis thaliana, Nicotiana benthamiana, Nicotiana tabacum, and mutant lof-1 Arabidopsis thaliana with Trifoliate was made, changed anatomy and morphogenesis of transformants has been observed. Due to our research and already known facts we suggest Trifoliate has a great importance in regulation of specific organs development. Manipulation with expression of this gene in some cases leaded to triggering similar sympthoms as PSTVd causes.
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Point prevalence survey of healthcare-associated infections in the specialized surgical facility
CHMELAŘOVÁ, Šárka
My thesis is focused on the healthcare associated infections. This area is under considerable control in the developed countries and their health systems, whether in terms of medical, organizational, social, economic, or political. Epidemiology is the world's fastest growing field which knowledge can be applied very soon into everyday practice. The results of that have effect on the patients, whose visit in the hospital is becoming safer. It has also have effect on the healthcare that becomes a better and more professional. In our country, you can still meet the lack of awareness of professional and especially the current context, which accompanies this issue during the contact with the staff of health facilities. Nowadays, we are trying to implement the issue in our laws according to the requirements of the European Union. I try to outline this new European perspective on infections related to the healthcare in the theoretical part. We need to realize the main idea that these infections from healthcare facilities never disappear completely. In the interests of healthcare providers and their staff, it should be to get these infections under the control and to try to minimize the impact of these infections on the patients' health. The meaning of the term healthcare-associated infections or outdated nosocomial infections, and possible types of them, their most common cause and the process of their spread is explained at the outset of work. Afterwards I focused on explanation of the meaning of the prevalence survey as one of the methods of active surveillance. Thanks to the results of the Point Prevalence Survey, which was conducted in the European Union, Norway, Iceland, and Croatia in 2012, it was found that the European prevalence of healthcare associated infections is equal to 5.7%. These results are also commented in the thesis. This prevalence corresponds to every inflectional 18th patient hospitalized in the European acute care hospitals. The European Union Council Recommendation worked out the Infection Prevention and Control Programme in the healthcare facilities to reduce this prevalence. This programme with its details and requirements is described at the end of the theoretical part. In the next part I am aimed to the research, whose implementation is one of my goals. I conducted the Point Prevalence Survey according to the methodology, which was developed by European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC). I chose specialized surgical facility for my research. My control sample is consisted of departments that have the same focus as my facility. They are focused only on plastic and reconstructive surgery. The departments were selected from the all Czech hospitals, where the Point Prevalence Survey was conducted in 2012. I received the data from the previous survey thanks to the National Institute of Public Health. I intend to provide the thesis to the specialized surgical facility as a feedback to the research which was carried out in there. Not only for me, but also for the local staff, the benefits are to familiarize with the prevalence survey and to realize that the healthcare-associated infections may still be an actual issue.
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Monitoring Nosocomial Infections in the District Hospital
VOJÍKOVÁ, Lucie
The Diploma thesis provides basic information about the incidence of nosocomial infections, especially about the process of spreading infections, their subdivision according various aspects, major means of nosocomial infections, and about methods of surveillance. Investigative part of the thesis is aimed to describe the incidence of nosocomial infection, which can be used as quality indicator of hospital care, including the spectrum of the most frequent etiological microbial agents and their resistance against antibiotic treatment. There were used mixed research methods to process the investigative part of the thesis because the methods were quantitative and qualitative. The analysis of the data represents main part of the thesis. The research was carried out in the district hospital, namely in The Hospital Strakonice, a.s.. There were monitored infections at operation sites, between Jan 1, 2011 and Dec 31, 2011 at the surgical and gynaecology units. There were also monitored infections of the blood stream between Jan 1, 2009 and Dec 31, 2011 at all departments. The research group was formed by inpatients staying in The Hospital Strakonice, a.s., who were after surgical procedure or those, who were catheterized central blood stream in defined time period.
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Evaluation of postoperative prevention the surgical site infection in nursing care
Dancziová, Zuzana ; Vejrová, Iveta (referee) ; Koutná, Markéta (advisor)
In the paper with name: " Evaluation of postoperative prevention the surgical site infection in nursing care", I am concerning to questions of prevention of the infection on surgical site infection from surgical care nurse point of view. The paper has research characteristics with an aim to find a level of knowledge and profession skills of surgical care nurses on the field of postoperative care focused to surgical wounds and their influence to development of infection in surgical wound. Theoretical part is concerned beside clinical aspects of the questions as is an infection distribution on surgical site infection, hazards factors of its development, early diagnostics, correct treatment, but also it is focused to possibilities of quality postoperative care increasing: prevention of surgical wounds infection in practice, hygienic - antiepidemic's mode, standardization of nursing care procedures, professional preparing of surgical care nurses and good personal management. The aim of the practical part is to obtain a preview about quality of postoperative care concerning to postoperative prevention of an infection on surgical site infection from surgical care nurse point of view. Part of the paper is also a retrospective research of infectious complications of operative surgical wounds on the relevant working...
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Test of medicaments perspective for exploitment at the fishing profession
SCHEINER, Pavel
The aim of the study was to assess the effects of orally applied praziquantel on the treatment efficacy against most abundant tapeworms (Atractolytocestus huronensis Anthony, 1958 and Khawia sinensis Hsü, 1935) of common carp (Cyprinus carpio Linnaeus). Naturally infected fish (one-year-old; K1+) were divided into 3 trial groups containing 17 specimens and administered with praziquantel mixed in heat-treated amyloid vehicle (in doses of 50 mg.kg-1 body weight). In 3 groups of control, the fish were administered amyloid vehicle only. Fish were examined by using of gut dissection 2, 4 and 6 days after administration. At 48 hours post-treatment, significantly lower prevalence of both parasites was found. The invasion of A.huronensis was fully eliminated in all fish after 96 hours whereas some specimens of K.sinensis still persisted in the gut of few fish. The full elimination of both parasites was observed 6 days after administration. Our results showed that elimination of K. sinensis takes longer than elimination of A.huronensis. The dose of 50 mg kg-1 of orally applied praziquantel is effectual to control A.huronensis and K sinensis infections in common carp successfully. The effect of oral applied praziquantel on the hematology and biochemical parameters blood of common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.), infected by the tapeworms Atractolytocestus huronensis and Khawia sinensis was the object of analyse. It was the partial goal of the work. The infected fishes were divided to the six groups. The praziquantel was applied stirred in amyloid vehicle in dose 30 mg/kg of quick materiality for two groups and for two to other groups in dose 50mg/kg of quick materiality. Only clean amyloid vehiculum was applied to two control groups. Blood taking and resulting patoanatomic investigation was effected 24 and 96 hours after application of praziquantel. Results of hematology investigation of blood obtained 24 hours after the application point on significant fall (p< 0,01) of the number of erythrocytes, hemoglobin and hematocrit in both groups E1 and E3, which achieved the original surface after 96 hours. The significant upsurge (p<0,05) of the surface serum hepatic enzyme ALT was recorded after 96 hours.
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The role of the nurse in providing care to patients with short bowel syndrome
BUNDOVÁ, Jana
Short Bowel syndrome characteristically belongs whithin a groop of recognizable symptoms which result from the loss of small intestine or damaged absorption. Because of the advancement of complex medication and intravenous feeding, home patient care is continously increasing. In the year 2008 intravenous feeding was used upon 57 adult patients in 15 health centres. These patients are vulnerable to the full range of complications. Among the most freekvent complications are infections of the location where the needle is injected. The role of the nurse towards the patient is irreplaceable due to the importance of the care resting upon the nurse to ensure no infection can originate. This research deals with the difficulty of the nurse´s role assigned care of the patient with Short Bowel syndrome. The goal of this project is to map out the level of information and experiences which nurses have regarding the care of those patients whit this afliction. A further goal is to discover how careful the patients are regarding the use and care of intravenous catheter to keep infection away. From the analysis obtained, the majority of the nurses have enough informations conserning the care of patients with Short bowel syndrome. These nurses consider the care of these patients to be every bit as demanding as the care required for patients with other condicions. Nurses are now capable of taking control of this care. This viewpoint is supported by even patients who have this condition who have had faverable experiences. Patients are now well enough informed to be able to indepenndently administer intravenuous injections in ther own home envirement, but always in the copany of family members or a home care assistent
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Hospital infections in light of health care
Neumannová, Jana ; Dvořáčková, Ivana (advisor) ; Drábková, Hana (referee) ; Míčková, Eva (referee)
The goal of bachelor's thesis is to analyze nosocomial infections as a complication of a basic disease. It focuses on prevention, following standard nurse practice and the quality of provided care. The main part of the thesis is a survey conducted to analyse basic knowledge and precautions in the context of legislation. The analysis and interpretation provides information about health care and it is a contribution to management of medical institutions. It also suggests improvements in care of patients. The survey was conducted on health workers in field of nursing.
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Beast of prey herpesvirus infections
Zabranská, Dominika ; Karlasová, Barbora (advisor) ; Rozinek, Jiří (referee)
Viruses are a very heterogeneous group of microorganisms, which in many characteristics is different from bacteria. In 1957 André M. Lwoff formulated a general virus definition. Virus´s genome is the most important part of the virus from a biological point of view. Virus´s genomes can be divided in two groups according to their properties - DNA viruses and RNA viruses. General strategies of viral replication are very similar and they consist of several stages, which may be different in an order and duration. In 1973 International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses was established, it has been still working as a primary source of information regarding the latest taxonomy of viruses. The name "herpesvirus" is derived from the word creeping (lat. herpes). Herpesviruses are large enveloped DNA viruses with two complementary strands. Replication of the virus takes place in a cell´s nucleus. A characteristic feature of the herpesvirus disease is a lifelong latent phase of the infection. Serious infection stages are observed primarily at young animals, fetuses, immunocompromised patients or as an associated disease in the course of other infections. Canid herpesvirus 1 and Felid herpesvirus 1 are classified in the genus Varicellovirus, in the subfamily Alphaherpesviridae and the family Herpesviridae.
Canid herpesvirus 1 (CaHV1) is a virus infecting mainly genital and respiratory parts; in a lesser extent it also causes eye diseases. It causes death mainly to newborn puppies. CaHV1 is a very demanding in terms of temperature and it can be killed by common disinfectants. It may be transmitted in several ways, including transplacental transmission from mother to fetus. The virus is ubiquitous with worldwide distribution. Since 2003 a vaccine for pregnant females has been available. The host range is generally limited to the family Canidae.
Felid herpesvirus 1 (FHV1) infects domestic and wild felines from the family Felidae. It is relatively unstable in the external environment, very sensitive to common disinfectants and high temperatures. Placental transmission from mother to fetus has not been confirmed. FHV1 is mostly excreted in the eye, nasal or oral secretions. The virus mainly infects the respiratory tract, conjunctiva and corneal epithelium. FHV1 is one of the most frequent and important viral pathogens of domestic cats throughout the world. Serious infection stages are observed primarily at kittens or debilitated animals. Several types of commercial vaccines against Felid herpesvirus 1 are available on the market.
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