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The effect of management by wheat for animal feeding and human food purposes on biodiversity of epigeic beetles
RYKLÍK, Stanislav
Communities of epigeic beetles were studied in 2 wheat fields (food wheat and feed wheat) in the southern part of the Czech Republic. Climatic and soil conditions on both fields were similar. There were differences between fields regarding field management of wheat: amount of artificial fertilizer, amount of pesticide, preceding crop, surrounding landscape. The higher amount of artificial fertilizer (+ 50 kg/ha of nitrate and + 50kg/ha DAM) and the Karben flo stefes fungicide was applied in food wheat. An intensive conventional system of cultivation is used in surrounding landscape. Epigeic beetles were caught by pitfall traps, 24 species, 6 families and 245 individuals were determined. The family Carabidae was dominant on both fields. Higher species diversity was observed in feed wheat, but this difference was imperceptible. Species were divided according to their ecological preference and human impact on communities was assessed. The field of feed wheat was less anthropogenic influenced but the difference was also imperceptible.
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Abundance of house sparrow (Passer domesticus) and other synantropic species in small settlements around Prague
Řezáčová, Andrea ; Šmejdová, Lucie (advisor) ; Zasadil, Petr (referee)
In the surroundings of Prague, as well as in many other parts of Europe the population numbers of synanthropic species were reduced in recent years. These changes in abundance are attributed to the change of use of agricultural landscapes, the loss of small poultry farms and mainly a change in the character of the construction. The aim of this thesis was to ascertain the abundance of selected species of synanthropic birds and compared their numbers with the data obtained in 2012. In this study were also evaluated differences in the abundance of these species in the localities of old construction area and new construction area. There were selected 3 main leaders, house sparrow (Passer domesticus), tree sparrow (Passer montanus) and eurasian collared dove (Streptopelia decaocto) from all monitored species for the statistical processing of the results. Census was carried out in a total of 40 squares, 20 of which was located in an old construction area and 20 in the construction of the new. All of the site lies in an area with a high degree of suburbanization in the central region an in around of Prague. The study
area covered an area of 200 x 200 meters and were visited a total of twice during the nesting period in the spring of 2015. The results show the preferences of the old buildings for the house sparrow and the eurasian collared dove. Tree sparrow was more numerous in the localities, characterizing the new housing development. For eurasion collared dove was observed increasing trend in abundance, while in both species of sparrows was recorded its decline. The most numerous species was the house sparrow with a total of 209 individuals, on the contrary, at least individuals, 23, was noted for european serin (Serinus serinus).
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Birth oriented to woman
KUBÁTOVÁ, Petra
Nowadays, respecting individual wishes of the woman in labor and her partner, the effort that pregnant women bring the child to the world in a quiet and friendly environment is accentuated. The target is that women see the birth as an important event in the life and not only as unpleasant and painful moments. From the professional point of view the alternative obstetrics consist in the effort to fulfill the wishes of women in labor without endangering the safety of the woman or of the child. In the theoretical part, the possibilities of the alternative ways of birth are summarized with focus on the birth outside the hospital facility, ambulatory births, influence of the environment of the birth room on women during the birth, accompanying persons present at birth and first of all the non-pharmacological way of softening the labor pains. From the pharmacological methods, only the epidural analgesia and spinal analgesia are mentioned in the thesis. The practical part focuses on perceiving the environment by women in labor, her satisfaction with the staff and wishes of women in labor. To treat the given issue and to achieve the postulated goal, the qualitative research examination was chosen. The investigation was performed in the form of the non-standardized talk with women after the birth which have given birth in any hospital in the Vysočina region. The target of the thesis was to find out the needs of women leading to the higher quality of the nursing care during the birth. The target was achieved. Based on the elected target, 4 research questions were formulated. The first research question was: Whose presence as member of the staff is preferred during the birth and what is expected from him/her? The research question number two: How is the environment perceived by women during the delivery? The research question number three: Would the women elect another kind of birth leading based on preceding experience? The last research question number four was: What is seen by women giving birth for the first time as negative factor during the birth? All the research questions were answered. This bachelor treatise may be a source of information for following future midwives or pregnant women preparing for the birth. It may be utilized also by midwives who can acquire in this way the survey of what is expected by women in labor from them, how these women perceive the environment and what alternatives they appreciate.
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A school for healthy and physically active lifestyle in pupils of elementary school in Kaplice\\
KŘIVOVÁ, Pavla
The thesis focuses on the differences in week-long physical activity in Year 9 pupils. The monitoring took place from 5th October 2011 to 12th October 2011 at Fantova Basic School in Kaplice. 31 pupils (17 boys and 14 girls) participated in this survey. The survey was carried out using pedometers Yamax Digi Walker SW-700 and accelerometers ActiTrainer. The pupils also filled in on-line questionnaires on website INDARES.COM (questionnaire about sports preferences, questionnaire IPAQ-long and questionnaire Motivation for physical activity). All the obtained data were processed in the Center for Kinanthropological Research in Olomouc and they were provided in the form of charts. The results showed that the girls were more physically active than the boys. The level of physical activity in girls was higher during school days. On the contrary, the level of physical activity in boys was higher on weekend days. The figures also showed higher level of physical activity during breaks than during lessons (except for PE lessons).
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Ecological and evolution strategies of necrophagous beetles (Coleoptera)
Jakubec, Pavel ; Růžička, Jan (advisor) ; Petr, Petr (referee)
Necrophagous beetles (Coleoptera) are very interesting and diverse ecological group of species with an immense impact on a natural nutrient cycle. Their main food source and breeding ground are carrions of vertebrates, human remains included. This relationship is often used in various ways by forensic entomology, but its potential was not jet fully reached, because our knowledge of biology and ecology of these beetles is very much incomplete. In this thesis I would like to explore geographic distribution, ecological requirements and developmental biology of several Central European necrophagous beetles as an outcome of their ecological and evolution strategies. For that I raised three broad research questions. Which factors are determining the local abundance of carrion beetles (Coleoptera: Silphidae)? How the current geographical distribution of open-landscape carrion beetles looks like in the Czech Republic? How the temperature affects the development of Sciodrepoides watsoni (Spence, 1813)? We found out that soil type can have significant effect on abundance of carrion beetles. They showed preference for chernozem -- Nicrophorus antennatus (Reitter), N. germanicus (Linnaeus), N. interruptus (Stephens), N. sepultor (Charpentier), Silpha obscura obscura (Herbst), T. sinuatus (Fabricius) or for fluvisol as did N. humator (Gleditsch). These findings support our hypothesis that soil type could be an important factor determining the occurrence of necrophagous European carrion beetles. To collect novel data of the current geographical distribution of carrion beetles we used 420 baited pitfall traps at 84 localities, and we collected 71 234 specimens of 15 silphid species. Among them, three endangered carrion beetle species listed on the Czech Red List of Invertebrates, were found. Two are vulnerable thermophilic species of open landscapes, Nicrophorus antennatus (Reitter, 1884) (collected around Louny and Židlochovice) and Nicrophorus germanicus (Linnaeus, 1758) (Louny, Zábřeh and Židlochovice). The third is the near threatened species, Nicrophorus sepultor Charpentier, 1825 (collected around Louny, Kutná Hora, Zábřeh and Židlochovice), which also prefers open landscapes. We studied development of common Holarctic beetle Sciodrepoides watsoni under five constant temperature regimes in laboratory (15, 18, 21, 25 and 28°C). Parameters of thermal summation models and their standard errors were calculated for each developmental stage (egg, three larval instars and pupae). We also find a new character for larval instar determination (head width) and proposed novel approach for future studies of size-based characters in instar determination.
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Evaluation of selected qualitative parameters of apples produced under different growing methods
Dresslerová, Ivona ; Kouřimská, Lenka (advisor) ; Jan, Jan (referee)
The most spread system of agricultural production is conventional system, which reaches the best profits by its excessive inputs into production such as fertilization, chemical spraying, heavy engineering. However the importance of ecological (BIO) and integrated (I.P.) production has been increasing among the consumers recently. Mainly because of environmental sustainability and protection of their own health. The aim of this study is to compare qualitative characteristics of 10 different apple cultivars (Melodie, Šampion, Gloster, Idared, Angold, Topaz, Goldstar, Ontario, Florina, and Rubín) with reference to the type of production system. The dry matter content, amount, concentration of carbohydrates, ascorbic acid, sensory evaluation and overall profile of volatile compounds were analysed in apples coming from both ecological and integrated agriculture.
The dry matter content of all apple cultivars was measured by using two different methods. At the same time drying in an infra-red scale and refract metrical measuring by a portable refractometer were carried out. Concentrations of different carbohydrates (sucrose, glucose and fructose) were analysed by HPLC method with RI detection. The content of ascorbic acid (AA) was determined by HPLC with UV/VIS detection. During the sensory evaluations a protocol for a trained sensory panel was created including profile, pair and pair preference test. With an aim of detection of volatile aromatic compounds´ profile there was a sorption prepared on SPME extraction with following analysis on GC-GC-MS.
In the concentration of C vitamin was the cultivar found statistically significant (p = 0,0004) and not in the supposed type of production. The final concentration of ascorbic acid was 13-130 mg/kg in BIO apples and 10-103 mg/kg in apples from integrated production. Overall 7 BIO cultivars had higher content of AA in comparison to I.P. The highest concentration of AA was in cultivar Ontario. In total 7 BIO cultivars from 10 had bigger content of AA in addition to integrated samples. The most present carbohydrate in apples is fructose in which was found a statistically significant difference between values of BIO and I.P. (p = 0,0272). The highest figure of fructose and also of sum of sugars was Angold BIO (422,3 g/kg). The highest presence of dry matter was found in cultivar Florina BIO (18,62 %). Refract metrical matter was in the range from 11 to 17 Brix.
There was a statistically significant importance proved between the figures of BIO and I.P between both dry matters. At the same time it was proved that there is present a dependence between them based on correlation coefficient (r = 0,9622). It was assumed that the overall sum would correlate with refract metrical dry matter, but this was not confirmed. There was also proved a statistical difference (p = 0,0002) between the BIO and I.P apple weights. In all cases of samples the weights of I.P apples was higher. In sensory analysis the cultivar Šampion BIO was evaluated the best from the overall intensity and pleasure of the taste.
Topaz I.P was evaluated as the sample with the most pleasant taste and Florina I.P with the highest taste intensity. By the analysis of pair preference test results it was confirmed that there is a statistically significant difference on the selected level of probability 99%. But preference in any of production systems was not confirmed. During the analysis of overall profile of volatile aromatic substances it was found out that the same cultivar of different production has the same composition, but different relative concentration of the present substances.
This problematics needs further and more detailed analysis, which would prove or disprove influence of the cultivar on all analysed aspects.
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Habitat preference of red deer and sika deer in the Doupov Mts.
Silovský, Václav ; Ježek, Miloš (advisor) ; Zdeněk, Zdeněk (referee)
The bachelor thesis is focused on habitat preferences of red deer (Cervus elaphus) and sika deer (Cervus nippon nippon). The objective of study was to determine, which types of landscape the red deer (Cervus elaphus) and sika deer (Cervus nippon nippon) prefer during the year. Study area is located in northwest Bohemia in Doupov mountains. Data were collected by GPS telemetry from 13 stags and 13 hinds of red deer, and 6 stags and 2 hinds of sika deer during the days between 19th September 2010 and 8th February 2015. From GPS telemetry we received a total of 176982 red deer pozitions and other 38932 sika deer pozitions. Analyzed home ranges have shown main preferences of male and female red deer to shrubbery and natural grasses. Males of sika had main preferences to shrubbery and mixed forest during the year. Sika females have preferred shrubbery and natural grasses. The bachelor thesis results provided very interesting information of red and sika deer ecology and could be used in future game management or when creating a new emerging legislation, especially in the area of minimum hunting grounds quantities.
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Impact of habitat loss on anuran diversity in different parts of Serra do Mar, the largest remnant of Mata Atlantica, SE Brazil
Holer, Tomáš ; Hejcmanová, Pavla (advisor) ; Solský, Milič (referee)
Mata Atlantica is one of the ancient forests. It is one of the five South American biodiversity hotspots. In the recent time, over 90% percent of this rich and unique biome has been lost. This loss and huge fragmentation of the forest, resulted in a decrease and extinction of many populations of endemic species of plants and animals. Over 450 amphibian species lives in the Atlantic forest of which 60% are endemic. My research area was localized inside one of the largest Atlantic forest fragments, Serra do Mar, in the buffer area of Serra da Bocaina National Park, Brazil. Aims of these thesis were to identify the anuran diversity in the abovementioned area, estimate species habitat preferences and compare the preferred habitat map of the three model species, with their distribution maps available on their IUCN Red List account. The methodology consisted of two parts. Three line transects were placed in three different forest parts and elevations. Three night and three day surveys were done on each transect by three people. Second part was non-invasive species identification on five selected breeding ponds in the research area. During my research, 31 species of frogs were recorded and 27 of them were identified, belonging to 8 families. Hylidae (16), Hylodidae (1), Bufonidae (2), Odontophrynidae (3), Craugastoridae (1), Brachycephalidae (3), Leptodactylidae (4), Centrolenidae (1). None of those frogs are endangered according to their IUCN Red List status (1 Data Deficient, rest Least Concern). After revision and re-estimation of three model species (Aplastodiscus callipygius, Cruz and Peixoto, 1985, Adenomera marmorata, Steindachner, 1867, Haddadus binotatus, Spix, 1824) distribution maps, according to their preferred habitat, using distribution maps available on IUCN Red List, It has been found, that the endanger status of many species of frogs is most likely underestimated. Results of this thesis suggest, that large-scale research should be conducted, to get more knowledge of Mata Atlantica amphibians, to understand their behavior and ecology and through the knowledge find the way how to protect them.
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Microhabitat preference of male red deer in the Doupov Mts.
Hojer, Miloslav ; Ježek, Miloš (advisor) ; Mrkvičková Kořanová, Diana (referee)
This thesis deals with the matter of using research microhabitat preferences male red deer ( Cervus elaphus ) in Doupov mountains and compares its telemetry data with telemetric data male sika deer Japanese ( Cervus nippon nippon ) . Using GPS navigation has been searched for each of 267 points and examined for each of them measuring. The data were processed into electronic form and are evaluated by using charts and tables. From the data I figured what microhabitat environments in these two species of deer in the summer months most moving and what kind of habitat they prefer . Interesting is certainly the fact that even though their home ranges overlap do not have the same grazing habits.
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Microhabitat preference of male red deer in the Doupov Mts.
Vlasák, Tomáš ; Ježek, Miloš (advisor) ; Kušta, Tomáš (referee)
My work engages problems of microhabitat preference of male red deer (Cervus elaphus). Location of research was occured in the Military Training Area Hradiště on the forest administration district Dolní Lomnice in the Doupovské Mts. Research was conducted using a GPS device. The first part of bachelor thesis is focused on literary analysis as a description, biology, ethology and damage by red deer on the forest stands. The second part of bachelor thesis is research itself. Home range size was calculated from winter and summer habitats. Monitored male red deer prefered visibility to the south. The lowest visibility was found to the west. During the day occurrence of hunting facilities is minimum in winter and summer periods. Greater occurrence of hunting facilities was only found in the night and morning time in the winter. Collected data were analyzed using graphs and tables, which are situated in the final part of this bachelor thesis.
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