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Návrh nízkoenergiového REM
Vlček, Ivan ; Lencová, Bohumila ; Horáček, Miroslav
Our aim is to redesign the low-energy SEM (a scanning LEEM) in an UHV apparatus designed in our institute to allow the detection of the angular distribution of signal electrons. For this purpose we have to separate the signal electrons from the primary beam with a Wien filter and project the image of the back-focal plane of the objective lens on an area-sensitive detector (a back-illuminated CCD). Therefore we have to design a new electrostatic optics working in UHV
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Card of Cryptosporidium infections by humans and animals
BLÁHOVEC, Ondřej
The representatives of the Cryptosporidium genus are one of the causes of gastrointestinal tract diseases in humans and animals. In animals the host may even be a respiratory apparatus. The disease is called cryptosproridiosis. In majority of cases this infection can bypass without any major problems, but in immunosuppressed individuals it can cause serious health problems. Cryptosporidium has a monoxenous development cycle, which basically means that the entire development takes place in a single host. Exogenous stage is represented by oocysts, which are in case of a gastrointestinal disease excreted in faeces. In case of a respiratory disease the oocysts make they way out via respiratory and nasal secretions. This leads to contamination of the environment or water. In general, it is expected that Cryptosporidium isolates, which are present in one class of vertebrates, are not infectious to a non-specific host from other classes. It is also expected that cryptosporidia have low host specificity. But this does not exclude that some kinds have gradually extended its specificity to more species. It is also apparent that cryptosporidium infections are common in animals that inhabit the external environment, so even a human can be endangered by this zoonosis, although the incidence in the Czech Republic is low. The reason for the low numbers may as well be that parasitological examination is not performed very often, so the estimated prevalence in the population is probably much higher. Therefore to reveal the originator of this disease it would be appropriate to perform a parasitological examination in persons who are in contact with animals, this way the cryptosporidium infection would be excluded or proven.
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View of today´s young people to opera and operatic production
Havránková, Petra ; Jonášová, Jana (advisor) ; Hajóssyová, Magdaléna (referee)
This work deals with a brief history of opera up to 21st century and briefly describes the opera houses in Prague. Reveals the painful political background of opera houses ans points to the unpleasant political situation of the Prague State Opera. I focus here on the musocal literacy of young people and I am trying to answer the question why today´s education in music is so low. The document includes also a small research that seeks to uncover the views of young people to opera and operatic production in this country. In the second chapter examined the information and describes my personal opinion as to how the situacion could be resolved. Finally I placed the thanks and look back at previous chapters.
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Effect of sex on growth and formation of dorsal muscle of pigs
Fáberová, Gabriela ; Čítek, Jaroslav (advisor) ; Zadinová, Kateřina (referee)
Effect of sex on growth and formation of dorsal muscule of pigs Summary The aim of this thesis is to determine the influence of gender on the growth and formation of the pigs dorsal muscle. Growth is one of the basic phenomenon characterizing living organism. Is a creation of nonliving to living matter. The amount of body mass is not constant through the life, it is changing significantly. In the early postnatal period is skeleton growing faster compared to muscles and fat then leads to faster growth of muscle and in the last period called maturity to the fattening. Evaluating growth has a significant gender effect. In case of pigs, it is common to feed barrows and gilts. Nowadays it begins to think about feeding of boars or the imunocastrates. Due to different hormonal activities we can expect different muscle and fat deposition. The task of this study was to clarify the influence of gender on the formation and growth of pigs dorsal muscle. There were 72 pigs tested in total. Pigs were housed in pairs in cotes and divided by gender for pigs, boars, imunocastrates and sows. This subpopulation of genotype DanBred animals were divided to 1/4 (18ks) uncastrated male pigs (K) 1/4 (18ks) hormonally castrated male pigs (I), 1/4 (18ks) barrows (V) and 1/4 (18ks ) gilts (P). Average live weight of pigs at the start of the trial was 28.5 kg, while the test was conducted to average 107 kg bodyweight. Through all time pigs were fed ad-libitum KKS. During the test it was monitored at weekly intervals individual live weight, back fat thickness at A, B, muscle depth at A, B and the total percentage of muscle for all categories of pigs. The obtained results show that the growth and formation of a long dorsal muscle are influenced by gender. When comparing the weight in a given period, we conclude that during the time the difference between gilts and imunocastrates grow up. Best growth had imunocastrates gilts similarly, only was there an earlier stop of the growth. The highest increase in fat and muscle measured at the A and B, occurred in pigs, in sows we can see increasing gains in fat with respect to the period in which they are fattening. Boars had the lowest backfat thickness, imunocastrates. With imunocastrates we evaluate low fat increase compared to the beginning of the observation. The biggest muscle depth measured at A and B had the barrows with gilts and imunocastrates and especially boars did not reach the values as barrows and gilts, who had the highest muscle depth. Biggest % of muscle was measured in sows. A large proportion of muscle can be seen in male pigs. The proportion of muscle mass of imunocastrates was under the average and worst ratio of muscle had especially at the end of feeding barrows indicating that with increasing age there is a significant fattening, compared to the remaining groups of pigs Keywords: pig, growth rate, muscle fibers
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Burnout syndrome in teachers population
Vilčková, Stanislava ; Hanušová, Marie (advisor) ; Jana, Jana (referee)
The bachelor´s thesis deals with the problem of burnout syndrom of teachers on secondary schools. The aim of this thesis was find out dependence of burnout syndrome on several factors, they are the age, the pedagogic practice, the type of secondary school, the number of pupils in the class and the number of pupils with special educational needs in class. It was used questionnaire method and individual talks with teachers on secondary schools for findings of experimental aids. Resultes shew, that measure of burnout syndrome don´t depends of age nor on longitude pedagogic practice, while number of pupils depends. Influence of number of pupils with special educational needs wasn´t evidenced. The reason was low number of respondents which haven´t this pupils in the class. Burnout syndrome arise on long term stress and presence is very individual for each teacher. There aren´t guaranteed methods how to stop development of this syndrome. Tolerance depends on several factors which are personal charakteristics, skills manage of stress, influence environs, type of profession. Preventive step is to be well- informed about burnout syndrome and know how it rise and which are it´s phases.
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Welfare assessment of organically farmed cattle
Slavíková, Eva ; Chaloupková, Helena (advisor) ; Ilona, Ilona (referee)
Ethical issues in livestock breeding have been in focus of public interest recently. A strong attention is paid to living space, ability to express natural behaviour, and good care of animals known as welfare. Presented thesis aims in evaluation of animal welfare indicators on 20 farms with organic dairy production using the methodology of Welfare Quality (WQ). The following criteria were assessed: absence of prolonged hunger and thirst, comfort around resting, ease of movement, absence of injuries, disease, and pain induced by management procedures, expression of social and other behaviours, human-animal relationship, and emotional state. These criteria are combined into four basic principles: good feeding, good housing, good health, and appropriate behaviour. Principal attention is paid to the relationship between animal welfare and health.
Most farms showed high scoring of good feeding including the proportion of very lean cows and sufficient water supply. Good housing got also high evaluation, because the organic farming standards require loose housing and majority of time spent grazing on pastures. Lower scoring of good health was caused by dehorning on a part of farms, which decreases the absence of injuries evaluation. Farms had mostly low proportion of lame cows, cows with lesions and hairless patches, and cows with discharges and diarrhoea; no cow had mastitis. No expression of agonistic behaviour was recorded, the scoring of human-animal relationship and positive emotional state was fairly good, too. Obtained scores were generally higher compared to results from conventional farms published in literature. All farms were evaluated as enhanced or excellent.
Larger herds had generally lower scoring of human-animal relationship, but higher scoring of positive emotional state. Farms with dehorned animals exhibited lower proportion of very lean cows and nasal discharge. A higher percentage of lame cows was found on farms with worse cleanliness compared to farms with cleaner conditions. Proportion of lame cows correlated with the proportion of very lean cows, and together with the proportion of cows with integument alterations it was influenced by the comfort around resting.
It was confirmed that good conditions of cow breeding and good welfare lead to better health and behaviour of animals. Organic farming creates favourable conditions for good animal health and welfare. The output of the thesis provides farmers an evaluation of animal welfare on their farms and a comparison with other farms.
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Detection of cryptosporidia by means of molecular methods in clinical samples:infection or the transit of oocyst through the host gastrointestinal tract?
MUNZAROVÁ, Lucie
Representatives of the Cryptosporidium family are, from a medical and veterinary aspect, designated as important unicellular parasitic protozoa infecting all classes of vertebrates including humans. Their development cycle is monoxene, which means that its life cycle is completed uniquely in one host. Their exogenous stages of infection development ? oocysts ? are mostly secreted in faeces causing a parasitic disease called Cryptosporidiosis. Generally, it is assumed that isolated cryptosporidia from one class of vertebrates are not contagious for other hosts from different classes, and also, that the majority of cryptosporidia types and genotypes have low host specifity. However, there are many cases where the presence of oocysts was proved, or the presence of specific cryptosporidium DNA in faeces of atypical hosts. With regard to the fact that the majority of genotypes and their potential hosts were described only on the basis of the presence of the specific cryptosporidium DNA in faeces, the question arises as to whether the aforementioned hosts are in all cases perceptive to the given infection, or it was only contamination in a sample or the transit of oocysts through the host gastrointestinal tract. This issue is also characterised as being the main objective of this thesis. The study gives an appropriate answer to this question by a series of experiments. Different isolations of cryptosporidia were used for experimental infection of rodents which were per orally infected and put down after reaching the specified patent period. By means of the combination of standard parasitological and molecular methods, the presence of oocysts and specific DNA of cryptosporidia in faeces and in mucous membrane of the gastrointestinal tract of infected hosts was observed. The results of this study prove that the transit of oocysts through the gastrointestinal tract can be detected in the interval between 6 and 24 hours after infection, yet not in every case. On the basis of this finding, the first hypothesis which stated that it is not possible to qualify explicitly by detection of a specific cryptosporidium DNA in faeces whether the infection has begun in the host or it is the transit of oocysts through the host gastrointestinal tract, was thus partially proved. On the other hand the second hypothesis stating that the specific cryptosporidium DNA in clinical samples of faeces can be detected only in cases of the host´s successful infection, was rejected.
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The Influence of Temperature Fluctuation on the Efficiency of Deammonification Process During Wastewater Treatment
Fridrichová, Michala ; Švehla, Pavel (advisor) ; Vojtěch , Vojtěch (referee)
Deammonification is biological process, where ammonia is removed out of the wastewater. Advantages, compared to traditional nitrification/denitrification, consist in saving energy used to aeration and lower requirements to organic substrate. Anammox bacteria, which are realizing the process are very sensitive. Their optimal temperature is about 35 °C to 45 °C. In real life, the treatment of wastewater runs in lower temperature. This thesis is focused on the influence of temperature fluctuation on efficiency of deammonification.
For the experiment was used model with CSTR reactor, which deals with adjusted sludge water from anaerobic sludge stabilization. Sludge water from ÚČOV Praha was diluted by tap water and nitrite nitrogen was added. Anammox bacteria were cultivated in form of suspension (activated sludge), which was obtained in anammox reactor from estonian university in Tartu. The experiment lasted 280 days. It was divided into three phases, depending on changing temperature. In the first part, the average temperature was 23,3 °C, in the second part 27,5 °C, and in the third part was setted up the temperature decrease from 27 °C to 16,2 °C. The volume load of Ntotal was between 0,024 and 0,174 kg/(m3.d).
With increasing temperature was noticed increasing efficiency of N-amon and N-
NO2- removal. The hypothesis, that anammox rector can be succesfully operated in low temperature (18,3 °C), was confirmed. Inhibition caused by temperature was noticed under 16,2 °C. At this point, efficiency of removal N-amon, N-NO2-, N-NO3- and Ntotal decreased. Anammox bacteria approved ability to deal with short-term (1 week) temperature drop. After increase of temperature from 16,2 °C back to 23,9 °C, it was detected high ability to remove nitrogen forms. Average effectivity of Ntotal removal was 45,1 %. Higher efficiency was reached of N-amon, it was 72,0 %. During the experiment was removed 88,9 % N-NO2-. Because of the collected results, we can say, the annamox reactor can be sucessfully run in lower temperatures around 16,2 °C, if inhibition caused by temperature is short-term.
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