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The natural seasonal changes in the food choice and digestive tract of wild ruminants
Kamler, Jiří ; Homolka, Miloslav
Herbivore populations all over Europe have been strongly influenced by human activities. A combination of harvest, changes in forest structure, supplementary feeding, predator extirpation and others factors have led in most cases to increases of their populations and a severe impact on the composition and structure of the forest vegetation. The food choice of free living ungulate species is strongly influenced by season and animal species and changes in diet composition and quality cause the changes in the digestive tract. Effective management of ungulate populations and forest ecosystems should be based not only on detailed information about the impact of deer browsing and the number of deer to harvest but also on the density of deer species, the food supply, the structure of diets consumed by individual species, attraction and quality of the individual components of food supply the total quality of food taken and seasonal changes in digestive tract.
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Current status of nature protection and management in Lužnice floodplain
Montagová, Martina ; Pithart, David
Lužnice floodplain has been preserved in a semi-natural state in a cca 25 km long section located between the state border and the town of Suchdol n L. Meandering river is surrounded by pools and oxbows, which are flooded several timeas a year. Most of the area is now the subject of nature protection. Microorganisms (Algae), water plants, birds and other wetland biota found a refungium here. Biodiversivity is maintained by river activity and mosaic structure of the landscape, formed by e pastures and wet forests. This character of landscape is now endangered by ceasing of meadow management, hence, the large parts of floodplain are now under the succesional stages leading to the wet forest in the decrease of overall biodiversity.
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Natural flooding in Lužnice floodplain - an holistic approach
Pithart, David ; Montagová, Martina ; Hartvich, P. ; Černý, R. ; Prach, K.
Natural flooding was analysed in the Lužnice River floodplain in a holistic approach. Benefits of natural flooding can be summarised as folows: 1. Water retention is increased due to the soil absorption, evapotranspiration, filling of oxbows, pools and natural depressions and finally the space between the river terreces. Real flood event are analysed here in terms of water distribution among these processes. 2. Natural flooding reduces the loss of ionts from the watershed by flowing the river outflouw and loss of carbon loss by slowing the decomposition processes. 3. Flooding creates and maintains floodplain geobiodiversity by re-forming of floodplain subsystems and differentation of its impact on these subsystems. For these reasons, maintaining and enchenging of natural flooding seems to be a prerequisite of sustainable management of riverine landscape.
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Influence of meadow management on the migration behavior of selected species of butterflies
Bubová, Terezie ; Langrová, Iva (advisor) ; Farkač, Jan (referee)
Migrations are the key process and one of the basic biological features, which allow survival of endangered species in fragmented landscape. In the last decades, agriculture intensification, industry and urbanization caused that number of natural butterfly habitats has significantly decreased. The localities originally suitable for butterflies are currnetly converted to farmland or building plots. This PhD thesis aimed to find a compromise solution of meadow management, which should allow a commercial use and concurrently do not jeopardize the continued existence of endangered or threatened species. The main idea of this study was in the intentional emigration causing in the middle of flight period, which should lead into resettlement of the population to another (potentially more suitable) locality. Possibility of aimed manipulation with butterfly emigrations would be considered as a major breakthrough in their protection.
The investigated species Phengaris nausithous (Bergsträsser, 1779) and Phengaris teleius (Bergsträsser, 1779) are both considered to be flagship species for protection of European butterflies at open meadows. This study is based on research, which was carried out in 2013-2015 at 17 patch in localities Dolní Labe, Czech Republic. In above mentioned years, one selected meadow was mowed in the middle of flight season and the emigrations were then monitored using mark-release-recapture method. Results of population and migration characteristics were calculated in MARK 8.1 software. Subsequently, the effect of mowing on emigration (comparison of emigrations from the meadow before and after mowing) was evaluated using Statistica 13.
The hypotheses of this study were based on the assumption, that the loss of resources after well-timed mowing should increase the activity of adult butterflies. During the monitoring, number of emigrations was increased only in flight season 2015. Unfortunately, the statistical evaluation did not show significant effect of mowing on migrations. On the other hand, the hypothesis dealing with colonization of nearest meadows was confirmed.
Effect of intentional emigration caused by management interventions was unfortunately not proved. However, we found out, that even though the population at one mowed meadow decreased clearly, the metapopulation size at the locality remained more or less stable.
At investigated (mowed) meadow, there was observed a sharp decline of P. nausithous abundance. On the other hand, P. teleius population was only slightly reduced. It is therefore conceivable, that P. teleius are not as susceptible to innapropriate term of mowing. The results obtained in our research conclusively displayed no possible positive effect of mowing in the middle of flight season and a necessity of suitable management maintenance at localities inhabited by Phengaris butterflies.
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Infiltration pattern changes related to the presence of soil
Votrubová, Jana ; Kosugi, K. ; Mizuyama, T.
For a period of three years, soil moisture distribution was monitored within a 50 cm × 50 cm transect on a forested hill-slope (Fudoji experimental watershed, central Japan). The site is covered by the forest brown soil (Cambisol) approx. 1 m deep underlain by weathered granite bedrock. Soil 25 moisture probes (CS615 Water Content Reflectometer, Campbell Scientific, Inc.) arranged in a 5×5 matrix spaced by 10 cm were used. The readings were collected in 5-minute intervals. The aim of the study was to assess temporal stability of the infiltration process under natural conditions.
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Příspěvky k půdní zoologii ve střední Evropě I. Příspěvky ze 7. středoevropského půdně zoologického workshopu
Proceedings book involves contributions presented at the 7th Central European Workshop on Soil Zoology held in České Budějovice on April 14-16, 2003. Individual papers summarise actual results from partial disciplines of soil zoology and ecology, taxonomy and faunistic of individual groups of soil invertebrates. Several studies summarise information about the composition and changes of soil animal communities, both in natural and non disturbed grassland and forest soils in Central Europe as well as in soils differently influenced by human activities. A part of the papers deal with the distribution and ecology of cave invertebrates.
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Vývoj přirozené obnovy v koncepci přírodě blízkých způsobů hospodaření - na příkladu Nadregionálního biocentra Kněhyně-Čertův mlýn
Ottová, Gabriela
This Bachelor paper focuses on the transformation of a cultural forest into a natural forest, which is situated in the protected zone, National Nature Reserve Kněhyně_ Čertův mlýn. In the growths, which are located in the protected zone, there are non-native spruce monocultures that are highly unstable. In 2005 and 2006, 12 research areas in 7 parcels were chosen, where spruce, beech and fir trees can be found. The first measurement and evaluation of natural recovery both on transects, as well as on the entire plot were effected. Natural regeneration includes monitored species, the number of individuals and their statuses. In 2014, the measurement was repeated and the results were compared. We can evaluate the structure of rejuvenation from the subjects' frequency, and, according to these results, we can determine if the rejuvenation is acceptable or unfit for sustainability. In this bachelor paper, recommendations of sequented transformational measures are being presented for a bachelor paper data. The Bachelor paper's results are not only applicable in the protected zone mentioned above, but also in other locations of similar character.
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Vztah iniciálních půd a pionýrských dřevin při revitalizaci lomů
Skopalíková, Kateřina
This thesis focuses on the comprehensive analysis and evaluation of soil conditions and plant diversity of representative sites in southern Moravia, central and south Bohemia, which were significantly affected by surface mining and quarrying. They were selected locations on carbonate rocks (Hády, Růženin, Lesní, Turold, Houbův, Homolák and Krty), the metamorphic rocks, namely granulite (Zrcadlová huť and Plešovice) and sandy sediments (Plavsko and Rudice-Seč). Already closed quarries and those left to natural succession or reclaimation, but also those in which there is still an active mineral extraction were selected as representative for this BC thesis. Apropriate soil samples were taken for analysis of physico -chemical, mechanical and hydro-physical properties of soil as a part of the fieldwork that took place during 2012 and 2014. Phytosociological surveys have been realised in 2013 as well. This thesis also discus the appropriateness of uniform or reclamation of natural succession. Based on the data of analysis, it can be seriously demonstrated and confirmed that the soil in relation to the nature of the parental rock is mostly favorable with even well balanced water and air regime and the average waterholding. Representation of macro and micronutrients in the samples picture prediction, despite the low nutrient content in soils at these sites are relatively high. Another way from the perspective of plant diversity, all selected stations are is still in its early stages of development. The most represented trees of all fracture sites is silver birch (Betula pendula), followed by pine forest (Pinus sylvestris), aspen (Populus tremula) and goat willow (Salix caprea).
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