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Changes in structure and phase composition in the surface of tram rail
Švábenská, Eva ; Roupcová, Pavla ; Schneeweiss, Oldřich
We have investigated structure and phase composition of surface layer of tram rails after long time running and the results were compared with those obtained on the original part of material. Changes due to effects of severe plastic deformation together with thermal shocks by friction process were expected. The information about structure and phase composition was obtained by optical and scanning electron microscopy, X-Ray Powder Diffraction, Mössbauer Spectroscopy and Glow Discharge Emission Spectroscopy (GDOES) and this was completed by microhardness measurements. The results show that the surface layer in comparison with the original material exhibits important changes in grain structure, an increase in microhardness and high content of iron oxide and hydrooxides. According to the depth profile of the chemical composition measured by GDOES there is an increase in carbon content in the surface layer which can be effect of up-hill diffusion.
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Micro-electromembrane extraction across multiple aqueous and organic phases for selective pretreatment of raw biological samples
Kubáň, Pavel ; Boček, Petr ; Seip, K. F. ; Gjelstad, A. ; Pedersen-Bjergaard, S.
Micro-electromembrane extraction (μ-EME) across multiple aqueous and organic\nsolutions was developed for selective extractions of various analytes from untreated\nbiological samples. The novel approach requires μL volumes of samples and organic\nsolvents, which form consecutive immiscible plugs in a transparent polymeric capillary\nand the extraction process is accelerated by application of d.c. voltage. Number of the\nplugs, their composition, volume and sequence in the extraction capillary can be chosen\nspecifically for each particular application and high variability and selectivity of the\nextraction process can be achieved. In this contribution, we demonstrate suitability of\na five-phase μ-EME system for simultaneous extractions of cations and anions from\nurine and for selective extractions of basic analytes based on their acid-base strength\nfrom plasma.
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Freezing technology of bull sperm in relation to its survivability and fertilization ability
Doležalová, Martina ; Stádník, Luděk (advisor) ; Jiří, Jiří (referee)
The aim of optimalization the insemination doses production is to provide the highest fertilization ability of spermatozoa during the demanding proces of processing fresh semen and its subsequent cryopreservation. Temperature changes causes spermatozoa damage during the cooling and freezing. Spermatozoa is exposed to cold shock and many others limiting factors, which leads to cell death and therefore to decline of fertilization ability of thawed insemination doses. For increasing spermatozoa resistance, exactly the plasma membrane resistance against cold shock was fraction of egg yolk LDL cholesterol (low density lipoprotein) at various concentrations into the comercially produced diluents added. It is believed that LDL acts possitively to plasma membrane and helps to maintain the fertilization ability of spermatozoa after thawing. Following step in the proces of insemination doses production is slow cooling of diluted semen and equilibration, when the straws are store at cooling box for 30 minutes to 240 hours. This period is necessary to penetrate of certain diluent components into the spermatazoa also maintain the balance between their intracellular and extracellular concentration. Also important is subsequent freezing temperature gradient of insemination doses. The most suitable freezing method is based on computer controlled temperature decline in freezing chamber which allows the precise control of ice crystals formation that could tear and kill the cell.
During 2012 to 2016 was repeatedly collected semen from the group of breeding bulls (n = 27, Holstein and Czech Fleckvieh breed) at AI centre. Semen which fulfill the standard entrance conditions in first step was evenly into several parts divided. For dilution the three types of comercially diluents AndroMed, Bioxcell and Triladyl with and without LDL addition were used. Into the diluents AndroMed and Bioxcell the concentration of LDL 4 %, 6 % and 8% into the dilent Triladyl 6 %, 8 % and 10 % was added. Diluted semen was filled into the glass capillares with volume 0,1 ml and temperature +4 °C. Subsequently the sample was placed to cold bath (0°C) for 10 minutes. Then the volume of capillare with physiological solution (37 °C) was mixed and for next 120 minutes was incubate. The effect of cold shock to proportion of live spermatozoa was evaluated by using Eosin and Nigrosine staining technique during heat test of spermatozoa survivability after spermatozoa heating and after 120 minutes of incubation.
The more suitable semen diluents which provide the higher spermatozoa resistance against cold shock were AndroMed and Bioxcell. Together the possitive effect of LDL addition into the diluents to lower decrease of proportion of live spermatozoa during heat test was found (P<0.05). The most suitable LDL concentration which had a favorable influence at spermatozoa resistance against cold shock was 6 % in diluent Bioxcell. Values of the proportion of live sperm were higher at the beginning of the heat test (+1.31% to + 3.2%) and after 120 minute incubation (+5.82% to +8.41%) compared to other diluents with and without addition of LDL.
In the next step the process of equilibration was optimized, is an important part of insemination doses production. The effect of the length of equilibration for subsequent fertilization ability of spermatozoa was evaluated using spermatozoa motility based of CASA and proportion of live spermatozoa after thawing and during heat survival test lasting 120 minutes (37 ° C). Suitable semen was diluted by comercially used diluent AndroMed based on soya lecithin, filled into the straws (0.25 ml), cooled and equilibrated in cooling box for 30, 120 and 240 minutes and freezed in programmable freezing box applying four types of freezing curves differing in temperature rate decline. There was used standard and by producer recommended 3. phase freezing curve, then 2. phase freezing curve, and 3. phase freezing curve with slower as well as rapid decline of temperature rate in freezing chamber, compared with standard freezing curve. The highest spermatozoa motility was found using 240 minutes of equilibration by +2.72% and +4.58% compared to other lengths of equilibration (P <0.05 to 0.01). The highest proportion of live spermatozoa was found using 120 minutes of equilibration (+6.87 % and +8.68 %). The highest average spermatozoa motility during heat test after thawing was achieved by using 2. phase freezing curve (from +2.97% to +10.37%, P <0.05), also in the proportion of live spermatozoa (from + 4.37% to +8.82%, P <0.01). When evaluating interaction between the length of equilibration and freezing curve (standard 3. phase and 2 . phase freezing curve), the highest average spermatozoa motility and proportion of live spermatozoa using 240 minutes of equilibration by both freezing curves was reached, there was no statistically significant differences. As well as, in all evaluated parts of this study the individual differences between ejaculate of bulls and within semen from one bull (P <0.05) as secondary effect were found.
To maintain good fertilization ability of semen during cryopreservation is necessary to increase the spermatozoa resistance against cold shock using addition of correct concentration of LDL into the commercially used diluents AndroMed and Bioxcell. Subsequently the fertilization ability of insemination dose is influenced by cooling, the length of equilibration and freezing. The length of equilibration 120 minutes and more as well as gentle way of freezing according to freezing curve, which ensures a gradual decrease of temperature in freezing chamber provided the higher average spermatozoa motility and proportion of live spermatozoa.
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Mechanochemical Preparation of Alumina-Ceria
Jirátová, Květa ; Spojakina, A. ; Tyuliev, G. ; Balabánová, Jana ; Kaluža, Luděk ; Palcheva, R.
Ceria containing catalysts play an essential role in heterogeneous catalytic processes. However, ceria shows poor thermal stability and low specific surface area and therefore, many studies have been done to improve its properties by combination with other oxides. Alumina-ceria is substantial component of the three ways catalysts, due to the ceria ability to function as the buffer of oxygen and to enhance the oxygen storage capacity of the catalysts. Ceria in these catalysts also functions as structural promoting component, increasing alumina stability towards thermal sintering. Promising method of oxides preparation, very interesting and simple but not sufficiently studied yet is a mechanochemical synthesis. Here we report on the synthesis of nano-sized alumina, ceria and ceria-alumina of various compositions by a wet solid phase mechanochemical reaction of hydrous aluminum, and/or cerium nitrate with ammonium bicarbonate after addition of a small amount of water. The aim of this contribution is to study processes being in progress during synthesis of the mixed oxides, interaction between components and their mutual effect on the properties of resulting products. The phase evolution during mechanical milling and the subsequent heat treatment of precursors were studied by X-ray diffraction, DTA/TG, H2-TPR, NH3-TPD, CO2-TPD, N2 adsorption at -195°C, IR, and XPS spectroscopy. Alumina and mixtures of alumina with different quantities of CeO2 (1- 18 wt. %) were synthesized by mechanochemical method from aluminum nitrate, cerium nitrate and ammonia bicarbonate.
Fulltext: content.csg -  PDF
Plný tet: SKMBT_C22015083108560 - PDF
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Clinical biochemical indicators used in diagnostics of equine diseases
Puldová, Doubravka ; Ptáčková, Zuzana (advisor) ; Krejčířová, Romana (referee)
The thesis aims to compile overview of main biochemical indicators that are important in for diagnostics of equine diseases.
Clinical biochemistry is a medical discipline that uses biochemistry and pathobiochemistry for the determination of diagnosis based on activity changes of analytes observed. Laboratory evaluation of analytes has three phases: pre-analytical (preparation of patient to sampling, sampling and sample storage and transport), analytic (analysis) and post-analytical (evaluation of results, veterinarian also contributes in this part). Pre-analytial phase is the most time consuming and also the most error prone. The errors mostly occur during preparation of the patient, during sampling or sample transportation. The most analyzed materials for biochemical analysis are blood, urine and liquor.
Biochemical indicators are compound that are often influenced by the disease, therefore it is possible to use them for the diagnosis. Nitrogen metabolism indicators include proteins, urea, creatinine and ammonia. Enzymes (aminotransferase, gama-glutamyltransferase, glutamatedehydrogenase, lactatedehydrogenase, alkaline phosphatase, creatinkinase and sorbitoldehydrogenase are the main indicators of liver function (they contribute on the metabolism of another compounds) or of the fitness of horse. Glucose and lactate values indicate energetic metabolism, cholesterol and triglycerides indicate lipid metabolism. Water and electrolyte metabolism indicators are sodium, potassium and chlorides. The mineral profile is shown by calcium, magnesium and phosphorus.
The result of determination of analytes is compared with reference values that are not only species-specific but can be also influenced by age or sex. These values represent the range of the compound concentration in body fluid under physiological conditions. It is important to take the clinical symptoms into the account. Not all indicators that are usually indicated in human medicine or different animals are suitable for diagnosis of equine diseases. Majority of indicators diagnose equine-rare diseases (i.e. diabetes mellitus or hepatitis). Determinations of muscle enzymes and lactate are important for the fitness analysis.
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Effect of equilibration and freezing parameters on bull sperm motility after thawing
Beránková, Monika ; Stádník, Luděk (advisor) ; Zuzana, Zuzana (referee)
The hypothesis assume the existence differences in bulls spermatozoa viability after thawing, characterized by higher values of motility and higher proportion of live spermatozoa, in case of prolonged equilibration and lower temperature freezing gradient. The aim of this thesis was to find the influence of different equilibration and freezing curve conditions to on spermatozoa viability after thawing. The theoretical part of the thesis summarizes available information about the bulls semen parameters, methods for its evaluation and especially the processing and long-term preservation.
Within the case study part of the thesis, during the years 2013-2015 the semen of the pre-selected group of 5 breeding bulls was being collected at the Sires insemination center. The group was uniform as to age, breed and housing and treatment conditions. After initial assessment the collected semen was divided into parts, which were then processed in different wals. A part of straws was processed by standard protocol, the other part was processed using different length of equilibration and freezing curve.
First part of the straws was equilibrated in a standard protocol for 120 minutes; subsequently half of the equilibrated straws was standardly frozen by the Direct Freezing method based on 3-phase freezing curve while the other half was frozen using the different 2-phase freezing curve. Second part of the straws was initially equilibrated for 240 minutes with the subsequent freezing, similarly as in the previous case, used 3-phase and 2-phase freezing curve. Frozen straws were then stored in liquid nitrogen container at -196 °C.
Spermatozoa motility was evaluated using CASA. The semen was further evaluated on the proportion of live and dead spermatozoa, using coloration of Eosin and Nigrosine, and on the sensitivity of the spermatozoa membranes, using HOS test, which detects the reaction of spermatozoa tail membrane to hypoosmotic conditions.
The obtained results indicated higher progressive spermatozoa motility (+5.57 %) and higher percentage of live spermatozoa (+4.47 %) following the application of the prolonged equilibration (240 min). When applying the length of equilibration 240 minutes, the values of total spermatozoa motility and HOS test were higher as well, though the differences were not statistically significant. When evaluate the effect of using different freezing curves on the parameters of the spermatozoa after thawing, higher values (average + 1.6 %) at almost all of these parameters using 3-phase freezing curve were found, the diferrences were not statistically significant.
Statistically significant differences among the bulls (P < 0.01) were found in total as well as progressive spermatozoa motility, in the proportion of living spermatozoa and in value of the HOS test - the individuality among the bulls is therefore evident. While evaluating the characteristics of spermatozoa movement by CASA, statistically significant differences among the bulls were confirmed at VCL, VSL, VAP, LIN, STR, WOB (P < 0.01), also between the diferrent length of equilibration (P < 0.01), but were not statistically significant when using diferrent freezing curves.
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The nursing care for the patients with "diabetic leg" after using SONOCA 180 in combination with the damp healing technic
VÍTÁMVÁSOVÁ, Kateřina
Abstract The Bachelor Thesis ?Treatment for ?diabetic foot? after application of SONOCA 180 apparatus in combination with wet healing technique? is divided into a theoretical and a practical part. The theoretical part analyses the development of wound healing from history to present. It also describes diabetes mellitus disease, its classification and complications. The issue of diabetic foot syndrome we are dealing with in the Thesis is related to diabetes mellitus. The disease may be treated traditionally or applying modern methods, which include the ultrasound apparatus SONOCA 180 and wet healing of wounds. This ultrasound technique combined with wet healing of wounds is the main topic of our thesis. The practical part involved a qualitative research method ? semi-controlled interview and case studies of patients with diabetic angiopathy, who were treated by the SONOCA 180 apparatus combined with wet healing of wounds. We applied the method to a patient with diabetic angiopathy, who had been treated traditionally. We first prepared the case studies and then we talked to them about selected topics. We prepared 14 questions that directed our interviews. Patients hospitalized at the surgery ward or visiting the surgery outpatient room of České Budějovice Hospital were the respondents; we spoke to 4 patients A semi-controlled interview was conducted with 5 nurses of the surgery ward of České Budějovice Hospital. The interview consisted of 10 questions and dealt with the topics of diabetic foot syndrome treatment, SONOCA 180 ultrasound method combined with wet healing of wounds. The aim of the work was to discover the effect of SONOCA 180 application in combination with wet healing on treatment of wounds. The second goal was to find out the differences in healing after standard treatment and after application of this technique and to find out the opinion of patients on the technique. The research among the respondents showed that SONOCA 180 greatly contributes to healing of wounds, but it has individual effect on each patient. SONOCA 180 provided quicker healing of wounds than the traditional method, but the treatment as a whole also depends on the patient?s health condition, the appearance of the treated defect and the phase of healing. Our Thesis might serve in practice as a guide for closer familiarization with the SONOCA 180 apparatus in combination with wet healing of wounds and thus provide the clients with the diabetic foot syndrome with more information on this method, and medical staff with wider knowledge of this new technique. This is why a brochure (Annex 15) was prepared to inform patients and medical staff on the SONOCA 180 apparatus and wet healing of wounds.
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Possibility of increasing the quality of soybean seed
Procházka, Pavel ; Capouchová, Ivana (advisor) ; Milan, Milan (referee)
In three-years experiments soya seeds were treated with biologically active compounds: Lignohumate B (mixture of humic and fulvic acids), Lexin (mixture of humic and fulvic acids enriched by auxins), brassinosteroid (syntetic analogue of natural 24 epibrassinolide) and so-called complete seed treatment (mixture of saturated solution of sucrose, Lexin, fungicide Maxim XL 035FS and adjuvant on the base of pinolene Agrovital). During vegetation following characteristics were observed: field germination, density of vegetation after germination and before harvest, height of plants, height of apical part of the lowest pod from the ground and yield. The results imply that the most effective way of seed treatment is the complete seed treatment, which ensured the yield of 3.29 t of seeds per hectare (average for three years), the second best was the treatment with the compound Lexin, thanks to which the achieved yield was 3.18 t of seeds per hectare. Laboratory experiments showed that application of biologically active compounds Lignohumate B, Lexin and brassinosteroids has possitive effect on not only laboratory germination of seeds, but also on seed vitality (detected laboratory germination after accelerated aging test). All used biologically active compounds increased laboratory germination rate, rate of plants with opened cotyledons, rate of plants with opened true leaves and amount of above-ground and underground biomass in the initial phases of growth. In the same time, laboratory experiments proved, that even if chosen parts of evaluated varieties had very similar laboratory germination, among others declared by seed producer, vitality test (accelerated aging test) showed considerable differences in vitality (thus even in quality) of chosen parts of seeds. Three-years experiments showed, that desiccation of soya vegetation in BBCH phase minimally 89 (desiccated was mainly eventual weed infestation) does not have negative effect on quality of produced seeds. Desiccation was done in six different variations (used preparatives: Aurora 40 WG, Roundup Rapid, Reglone, Basta 15, Desicate, DAM 390). Results proved, that if we use the same preparatives in BBCH phase 79-85 (desiccated was mainly vegetation, which was photosyntheticly active), than preparatives (mainly Roundup Rapid, Basta 15 and partially Reglone) have negative influence on quality of produced seeds, mainly on their vitality (laboratory germination after accelerated aging test).
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Tumor proliferation of mammary gland in bitches
Musilová, Lucie ; Rajmon, Radko (advisor) ; Dita, Dita (referee)
Thanks to breeders' and veterinary care, dogs' age is increasing, which results in proportional increase in diseases, including cancer. Mammary gland cancer is the most common oncologic problem in bitches.
Development of neoplasms is affected by endogenous factors (for example hormones), and exogenous factors also (radiation, carcinogenic substances, etc.). These factors cause mutations, which affects the formation of cancer growth.
We divide tumours on true and false ones. False tumours are e.g. cysts. True tumours are either benign or malignant, which create daughter centres called metastasis. Malignant tumours bear worse prognosis than benign tumours. Metastasis and tumours affect inidividual's organism by e.g. negative effect on organ function. Individual can stimulate tumours by e.g. hormone secretion.
Tumour classification is important because of determining the right treatment and prognosis for the future. Classification is divided in three parts: typing, grading, staging. Typing divides tumours into groups by their effect on tissues, or by individual tumours. Grading divides tumour by level of their differentiation. Staging classifies tumours by TNM, where T defines tumour's size, N defines level of lymphatics invasion and M defines metastasis formation.
Mamary gland function is divided in three physiological phases: mammary gland development, lactation and galactopoesis. Mammary gland is probably modified sweat gland. Lactation is affected by hormone prolactin, which supports mammary gland development. Galactopoesis is state, which maintains lactation. It's important to prevent stress in this phase, because stress hormones block oxytocin, so milk ejection isn't coming about.
Effect of hormones also change by estrous cycle phase. In bitch, there are those phases: proestrus, estrus, diestrus and anestrus. Estrous cycle deffects can occur and those deffects can cause so called false pregnancy. This state can result in diseases like pyometra or mastitis.
Etiopathogenesis of mammary tumours is affected by two kind of factors, endogenous and exogenous. Prevention is also important, this includes more quality care and feed. Another important prevention can be adequate exercise and potential sterilisation of the female. If the animal is already ill, then there is important to discuss it with veterinarian and start treatment as soon as possible. Firt method of treatment is surgical, which is divided by mammary gland invasion. Other method is chemotherapy, which is becoming more and more frequent as support treatment method after surgery. Third method is called radiological. It's relatively new type of therapy, but it is, unfortunately, still relatively expensive. Last method is called hormonal. Again, it is used usually as support treatment after surgical removal of the tumour.
There are used many diagnostic methods for clinical evaluation of mammary gland tumours, e.g. cytology, USG, RTG. Prognosis determination and post-surgical care is also important. Main complication is disease recurrence, which is more frequently occuring in malignant tumours than in benign tumours.
Most important is prevention and treatment start as soon as possible after diagnosis assesment. It is appropriate to not to burden breeding bitch with frequent litters, or let veterinarian perform ovariohysterectomy (OHE) on bitch, which is not used for breeding. Ovariohysterectomy reduces probability of development of this disease.It is very important for breeder to regularly check mammary gland by palpation and immediately visit veterinarian with every change or lump.
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Seasonal rhythms and hibernation of European turtles as a problem for their breeders
Tocauerová, Štěpánka ; Vrabec, Vladimír (advisor) ; Vejtrubová, Markéta (referee)
The thesis is focused on the seasonal activity of the European terrestrial turtles, which can be kept in captivity.The following species have been dealt with: Testudo hermanni, Testudo graeca, Testudo marginata and Testudo horsfieldii. The analysis was supposed to confirm the hypothesis that the species that lives that the turtle species living in the north is also the species with the least requirements when it comes to the microclimatic conditions.
The first chapter deals with the characteristics of these species. Both their Czech and Latin name is listed, the most famous subspecies classified, so are the most famous subspecies, the area where they occur is described and their appearance, including the typical features, what they feed on, how they reproduce, what conditions they require if they are to be bred and how endangered they are.
The next part deals with the seasonal rhythms of the turtles. The year is divided into several seasons or phases, i. e. the post-hibernation phase, spring, summer, pre-hibernation phase and hibernation. In each phase there is a description of both the active and passive behaviour of the turtle and of the way this behaviour is influenced by the time of sunshine, air temperature, rainfall or other factors. Examples of specific turtle behaviour that has been observed in different areas of the Mediterranean Sea, where they can be observed in the nature are given. What follows is a general characteristics of the hibernation and estivation and an explanation of the difference between the two.
The next chapter deals with the conditions for the turtle hibernation as a part of the breeding process, such as the preparation of the turtles for the hibernation and the ways to help them do so safely in our country. Some of the turtle keepers' opinions on this important subject, the right way of hibernation can influence other important physiological processes of the turtles are mentioned.
Then the recommended conditions for turtle breeding in our country are described.
The final chapter is charted information about the chosen turtle species ( the size of the shell, the height above the sea level in which they occurr, whether they hibernate or estivate and whether they are listed in the Red Book of Endangered Species and the CITES lists.
The analysis of the informaton that has been collected shows that the hypothesis that was formulated in the beginning of the thesis can be almost confirmed and that the Testudo hermanni seems to be species that is the easiest to breed indeed.
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