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Income Elasticity of Water Demand: A Meta-Analysis
Vlach, Tomáš ; Havránek, Tomáš (advisor) ; Červinka, Michal (referee)
If policymakers address water scarcity with the demand-oriented approach, the income elasticity of water demand is of pivotal importance. Its estimates, however, differ considerably. We collect 307 estimates of the income elasticity of water demand reported in 62 studies, codify 31 variables describing the estimation design, and employ Bayesian model averaging to address model uncertainty inherent to any meta-analysis. The studies were published between 1972 and 2015, which means that this meta-analysis covers a longer period of time than two previous meta-analyses on this topic combined. Our results suggest that income elasticity estimates for developed countries do not significantly differ from income elasticity estimates for developing countries and that different estimation techniques do not systematically produce different values of the income elasticity of water demand. We find evidence of publication selection bias in the literature on the income elasticity of water demand with the use of both graphical and regression analysis. We correct the estimates for publication selection bias and estimate the true effect beyond bias, which reaches approximately 0.2. 1
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Price Elasticity of Water Demand: A Meta-Analysis
Thoma, Richard ; Havránek, Tomáš (advisor) ; Janotík, Tomáš (referee)
Meta-analysis is a statistical method that allows us to combine results of em- pirical research. A theoretical summary helped to select appropriate model for the empirical part of this thesis - a meta-analysis focused on the price elas- ticity of residential water demand. A mixed-effects multilevel model, which corrects for selection bias, heteroskedasticity and within-study correlation, was employed. Publication bias was found only for subsample excluding data from the western part of the United States. Heckman meta-regression shows that the true price elasticity of water demand is -0,246. Finally variation in results across studies is explained. Using average price instead of margi- nal, the discrete-continuous choice model and data from the western part of the United States for water demand modelling will result in higher values of estimated elasticity. 1
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Modeling of water quality in the water supply network
Dukát, Petr ; Rajnochová, Markéta (referee) ; Ručka, Jan (advisor)
This thesis looks at water quality modelling in the water network, focusing on water age. The initial part of the work identifies the factors that lead to an increase in water age in water supply networks. The theoretical part of the work presents the mathematical relationships and logistical steps that software tools apply to simulate water quality indicators in a water supply network. In the practical part of the work, a hydraulic model of a water distribution system with a total length of 302,1 km was constructed. Measurement campaign was carried out to calibrate and verify created hydraulic model. Using this hydraulic model, water age for existing and possible scenarios was simulated. The results of the work have revealed parts of the water supply network containing high water age and are intended to encourage the progressive water distribution systems management philosophy.
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Optimisation of pressure condition in water supply systems
Sucháček, Tomáš ; Svoboda,, Miroslav (referee) ; Pollert, Jaroslav (referee) ; Tuhovčák, Ladislav (advisor)
This thesis is focused on the optimization of pressure conditions in the water supply network. There is a deep theoretical and critical search of the state of the art and there are fields where there is an insufficient field of knowledge, the so-called "knowledge gap". Experiments are proposed here to determine the dependence of water consumption on pressure conditions. There is a description of experiments and way how it was carried out, which were carried out on the water connection, in the pressure zone and in the laboratory on the hydraulic loop. There is proposed a methodology of experimental determination of the mathematical dependence of water consumption on pressure so that it can be used for optimization problems, where consumption is considered as an optimization criterion. The results of individual experiments are evaluated and a critical discussion of the achieved results is carried out. Finally, the achieved results are compared with the values found in a deep literature search.
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Energy efficient office building with gym and wellness Kostka
Kotas, Marek ; Počinková, Marcela (referee) ; Blasinski, Petr (advisor)
The master thesis describes a complete design of an office building, including its technical equipment. The building's technical equipment contains HVAC, lighting, DHW and photovoltaics design, water demand. The building has two floors. It contains offices, a bistro with a lounge, a wellness area and two gyms, a children's playground and facilities. This master thesis is divided into three parts. Firstly, the thesis presents building documentation with an engineering and an accompanying report. Secondly, the thesis introduces the design of the building's technical equipment and engineering reports. Lastly, the results of a conducted experiment are presented. In this experiment, a system for the optimization of blind tilt angle is proposed.
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Assessment of minimal night-flows in the water supply network
Nováková, Jana ; Korabík,, Michal (referee) ; Ručka, Jan (advisor)
This diploma thesis is focused on assessement of the minimum night flow in the water supply system. The first part of the work is focused on the research of foreign and Czech literature in the area of evaluation of water losses in water systems, evaluation and measurement of minimum night flow and comparison of values of individual indicators in the Czech Republic. In the practical part of the thesis, the minimum night flow is estimated and the water losses indicators are determined for selected DMA of Vsetin´s watter supply system, which is operated by VaK Vsetin, a.s.
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Water consumption in selected subjects
Jedličková, Tereza ; Sucháček, Tomáš (referee) ; Kučera, Tomáš (advisor)
The aim of the theoretical part of the bachelor thesis is to define the basic concepts related to the need and consumption of water. The following terms are explained: average daily water demand, maximum daily and maximum hourly water demand. The thesis also deals with water flow measurement. Among other things several types of flow meters are described here. In the practical part of the bachelor thesis, water consumption and water prices are analyzed in three selected agricultural cooperatives. There are compared individual agricultural cooperatives. Part of the thesis is also the determination of the average value of water consumption per cow.
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Income Elasticity of Water Demand: A Meta-Analysis
Vlach, Tomáš ; Havránek, Tomáš (advisor) ; Červinka, Michal (referee)
If policymakers address water scarcity with the demand-oriented approach, the income elasticity of water demand is of pivotal importance. Its estimates, however, differ considerably. We collect 307 estimates of the income elasticity of water demand reported in 62 studies, codify 31 variables describing the estimation design, and employ Bayesian model averaging to address model uncertainty inherent to any meta-analysis. The studies were published between 1972 and 2015, which means that this meta-analysis covers a longer period of time than two previous meta-analyses on this topic combined. Our results suggest that income elasticity estimates for developed countries do not significantly differ from income elasticity estimates for developing countries and that different estimation techniques do not systematically produce different values of the income elasticity of water demand. We find evidence of publication selection bias in the literature on the income elasticity of water demand with the use of both graphical and regression analysis. We correct the estimates for publication selection bias and estimate the true effect beyond bias, which reaches approximately 0.2. 1
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