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Methods of detection of ionizing radiation egress of nuclear power station
ŠŤASTNÁ, Milena
The approaches to the draining measurements and to the surroundings of nuclear power stations as well as the nuclear machinery changed depending on the development and the availability of measurement hardware as well as the development of models of radionuclide diffusion in the atmosphere and biosphere. In general, it is demanded to monitor systematically the draining of the radionuclides from nuclear reactors. Monitoring of the draining serves for the inspection of permited draining observance and for detection and estimation of possible evasions and their impact on the inhabitants in the workplace neighbourhood and on the environment. I aimed my study at tritium. Tritium is determined by using a liquid scintillation spectrometry. It is a very effective method of detection and spectrometry of ionizing particles. The liquid scintillation spectometry is aimed at low energetic beta emitters and this method can be also used when measuring alpha emitters. Tritium in the drainings to the drainage channels is measured by the same type of measuring equipment both in the Nuclear power station Dukovany and in the Nuclear power station Temelín. Setting of tritium in these nuclear power stations differentiates in sample preparations for measuring and consequently the measured values are not fully comparable.
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Estimation of Tritium Activity in the River Vltavawith Respect to the Liquid Wastes from the Nuclear Power Plant Temelin.
ŠKOPEK, Petr
The main goal of this Thesis was to measure tritium activity in the Vltava River and in the vicinity of Temelín Nuclear Power Plant (hereinafter referred to as JETE) with the following objectives: Possibility to use the outlet of waste water damping unit (hereinafter referred to as VTOOV) as a control alerting system for nonstandard events in JETE, furthermore, monitoring of possible correlations between volume activity of tritium measured in VTOOV and activity above the limit value of the first quality class in selected sections of the Vltava River as well as comparison of the measured values with the results of other authors, and, finally, assessment of the relevance of the water quality estimated by the volume activity of tritium to the water quality according to other ingredients, i.e., stable isotopes of some metals and risk elements as well as general physical and chemical indicators. Theoretical part of the Thesis deals with radioactivity in general, activity of tritium, with regard to operation of nuclear plants, over the world and, especially, in the Czech Republic. The actual work consisted of collection of samples at predetermined places, preparation of these samples for measurement and measurement of tritium activity using scintillation spectrometer with liquid scintillator. Furthermore, basic chemical and physical properties of water, concentration of selected elements and also some anions were determined. The collected data were used for classification of waters from individual collection places into quality classes according to ČSN 75 7221. In all analyzed cases no activities were found which exceeded the limit values of liquid outlets from Temelín Nuclear Power Plant, given by regulations issued on waters by the District Health Office in Ceske Budejovice according to §8 of Act No. 138/73 Coll., in compliance with SÚJB requirements. This Thesis could be beneficial for possible utilization of VTOOV as a control alerting system for nonstandard events in JETE and also for assessment of impact of wastewaters from JETE on waters of the Vltava River.
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Systematic effect - angular distribution of tritium beta-particles in the KATRIN experiment
Vénos, Drahoslav ; Kašpar, Jaromír
The aim of the KATRIN project is to measure mass of the electron antineutrino with sensitivy at sub-electronvolt level. The experiment is based on the investigation of the electron spectrum of the beta-decay of tritium just at the beta-endpoint region. In this experiment the tritium cooled to low temperature is placed in the magnetic field of several tesla which causes weak but nonzero orientation of tritium nuclei and as the consequence, non-isotropic, on energy dependent, distribution of the beta-electrons.
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Result of Extended Type Tests of the liquid Scintillation Spectrometer TriCarb 3170TR/Sl
Soukup, T. ; Světlík, Ivo
The liquid scintillation spectrometer TriCarb 3170 TR/SL was installed in laboratories of the NPP Temelín for purpose of monitoring of tritium and some other beta emitting radionuclides in the environment. Tritium was chosen as a testing radionuclide. Stability of measurements in case of samples containing higher activities and of strongly quenched samples with relatively small activities of tritium was the main emphasis in these tests. Results of statistical evaluation confirmed high stability and considerable robustness of the measurements performed by the TriCarb 3170 TR/SL.
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Monitoring of C-14 and tritium in the environment
Světlík, Ivo ; Michálek, V. ; Tomeš, Marek ; Tomášková, Lenka
In the invited lecture were presented C-14 and tritium time series and actual activity levels of these radionuclides in the environmental components (atmospheric CO2, precipitation, biota). Item there was discussed routines of low level activities measurement of this radionuclides by liquid scintillation spectrometry in the point of view of possible interferences and reduction of real detection levels.
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