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Nietzsche's Will to Power
Štolc, Jaroslav ; Sousedík, Prokop (advisor) ; Prázný, Aleš (referee)
Master's thesis focuses on the potential relationships between the philosophy of Friedrich Nietzsche and the ideology of Nazism. With an approach that emphasizes the complexity and wide range of this issue, the study strives to analyze Nietzsche's texts and interpret them in the context of Nazi ideology. The work is structured into four chapters, focusing on Nietzsche's philosophical concepts, ethics, critical views on his philosophy from other authors, and political aspects of his ethics. The key point is Nietzsche's ethics and its potential connections with Nazism. This work attempts to provide a deeper and more objective view of Nietzsche's philosophy, thereby contributing to a better understanding of his work and possible correlations with Nazi ideology.
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Human in Urban Space, Urban Space in Human
Černá, Hana ; Švantner, Martin (advisor) ; Borecký, Felix (referee)
This Thesis will be focused on relationship of human and space, formed by moment of their encounter. The main aim of work is to express relation between human and space in existential dimension of their mutual formation. This process is continuous and it is embodied in hermeneutical spiral. Result of this Work is the attempt to erase subject-object therminology in the context of relationship of human and space by applying principle of historical consciousness. Concept of lived space is manifested on example of Prague city walk, in which there are human and space mutually formed as a continuously changing complex, not the separate units. Key words human, hermeneutic circle, objectivism, move, principle of historical consciousness, walk, space, subjectivism, memory, relationship
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The impact of human knowledge on animals and plants
Richterová, Klaudie ; Thein, Karel (advisor) ; Jirsa, Jakub (referee)
Název práce: Dopad lidského poznání na zvířata a rostliny Vedoucí práce: doc. PhDr. Karel Thein, Ph.D. Vypracovala: Klaudie Richterová Abstrakt anglicky The last century has seen the rise of interest in the welfare of animals and one of the leaders of this movement has been the philosopher Peter Singer. His theory says that animals have their own interests, just like humans, because they are able to feel pleasure and pain. On the basis of this assumption he recurs to the principle of equal consideration of interests. Nevertheless this principle applies only to animals and human beings. However, modern research proves that humans and animals are not the only sentient beings on the Earth. Plants are not simply passive things in vegetative state. According to the current research, plants are active individuals who communicate with each other, have their own system of self-defence and basically their own way of life. In accordance with this new scientific knowledge we should include plants into the application of the principle of equal consideration of interests that is if we do not want to be proponents of species superiority.
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Toni Morrison's Sula: Individuality as the Driving Element in the Development of the Society
Mazourková, Tereza ; Ženíšek, Jakub (advisor) ; Chalupský, Petr (referee)
This thesis proceeds from the Toni Morrison's novel Sula and it mainly concentrates on a mutual relationship between an individual and society as reflected in the book. It consists of two main parts. The first one describes some aspects of the African-American history; the second one focuses on the individual characters in Sula and analyzes the Bottom society, charted against principles of US society in general. Individuality as the basic point of this thesis is shown as the moving element in the development of the society that also gives the direction of that development. Relationship between an individual and society is considered dialectic - on one hand, particular individuals participate in the development of the society, destroy stereotypes and violate dogmas; on the other hand, these people are often subdued and limited for the sake of the proper functioning of the society. Primary basis of this work is an assumption of the necessity of individual driving elements in the society for its (social) ceaseless development and subjectivism as the basic point of view on human existence. Key words: human being, gender, race, society, subjectivism, womanism.
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Filosoficko-metodologické problémy ekonomie: projekt ekonomické fenomenologie
Svoboda, Miroslav ; Schwarz, Jiří (advisor) ; Loužek, Marek (referee) ; Klamer, Arjo (referee)
In recent years, the economic approach to human behavior has been challenged by contributions of cognitive science. Thus two methodological strands in economics disagree with each other: the objectivistic approach favors the methods of natural science; the subjectivistic approach takes the teleological structure of human action as its cornerstone. It is argued that the position of the latter has been undermined and often degraded to a mere instrumentalist tool because it builds upon the primitive version of the teleological structure. Its deeper realist analysis is needed, which is the task for economic phenomenology: it identifies invariant pragmatic structures of human action, with various degrees of their anonymity. If the economic approach is founded on those structures adequately, then both rational choice theory and bounded rationality theories become compatible, as they differ in their degrees of anonymity only; they both belong to the body of the (subjectivistic) economic approach to human behavior. Economic phenomenology also offers a solution to the phenomenon of inconsistency of human action which is documented by cognitive sciences as a proof of human irrationality. The thesis shows that once the decision maker's description of the choice is allowed, inconsistency may disappear. Consistency is a matter of thinking, not acting. Therefore, a conceptual analysis of human thinking is needed. An example of the analysis is presented. It concentrates on the phenomenon of Self and works up the concept of the horizontality of Self. With this concept, inconsistency of human action is derived as a natural characteristic of our being-in-the-world. Inconsistency of human action is a pragmatic structure of human action, which even allows the decision maker some intentional control.
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Essays on Economic Behaviour
Hudík, Marek ; Kadeřábková, Božena (advisor) ; Pavlík, Ján (referee) ; Boettke, Peter (referee)
The main thesis of these essays is that social phenomena are different from psychological phenomena and thus social sciences do not belong to behavioural sciences. Chapter 1 introduces the fundamental problem of the rational choice theory ("Macaulay's problem"): either the theory is empirical and false or it is without empirical content and true. Various suggested solutions to this problem are reviewed and criticized. It is argued that the problem is evaded once it is admitted that rational choice theory does not attempt to explain behaviour. It was developed to explain decreasing individual demand and its extension to behavioural sciences is illegitimate. In Chapter 2 the difference between the interpretation of rationality in choice theory and demand theory is shown. It is argued that choice theory must adopt the agent's point of view, while demand theory proceeds from the point of view of an observer. Chapter 3 applies the argument to the problem of indifference ("Nozick's problem"): it claims that choice theory must adopt strict ordering of alternatives because indifference is already accounted for in the description of the choice alternatives. The difference between the consumer perception and the objective price-quantity relation embodied in the demand function is further explored in Chapter 4 on the example of the Rothbardian demand theory. It is argued that the law of marginal utility defined in terms of subjective units (i.e. units relevant to the consumer) does not imply nonincreasing demand. Chapter 5 is complementary to the previous and attempts to answer the question, whether the concept of marginal utility is compatible with ordinalism. Finally, Chapter 6 discusses on the methodological level the difference between behavioural sciences and economics. It argues that the difference can be conveniently described with the help of Popper's concepts of 'World 2'and 'World 3'.
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