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The role of swimming of the robusticity of the human upper limb
Toperczerová, Barbora ; Sládek, Vladimír (advisor) ; Struška, Michal (referee)
This bachelor thesis discusses effect of regular swimming on human bone tissue robusticity. The goal of this thesis is to summarize results of studies focusing on bone tissue of swimmers and to describe why is the bone tissue of swimmers less robust than bone tissue of individuals participating in other athletic activities. In the first part of the thesis, robusticity, bone modeling and remodeling, and responses of bone tissue on athletic activity are described. Further, the thesis focuses specifically on regular swimming. Forces, which are acting upon swimmers body and which are making swimming possible, are described. Next, four swimming strokes are described and which muscles have the highest contributions in those four swimming strokes. Bone tissue properties are compared between swimmers, other athletes and non-athletes. Special attention is given to bone tissue of human upper limbs. Lastly, the effects of weightlessness environment and absence of mechanical stimuli is described. Key words robusticity, bone functional adaptation, swimming, swimming strokes, upper limb
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Development of human postcranial skeleton depending on terrain
Turková, Eliška ; Sládek, Vladimír (advisor) ; Hora, Martin (referee)
A human bone is a dynamic structure that changes tissue arrangement according to inner and outer stimuli. The outer stimuli include among others the mechanical, environmental, and climatic ones. The impact of mechanical stimuli on the bones shows already with natural activities such as walking and running through change in the shape of a transverse bone cross section. The changes in the bone cross section can be observed on bone findings of ancient populations. The cross section shape of the long bones of lower extremities changes from the Palaeolithic to Neolithic population in such a way that the circulation of transverse cross-section increases. The explanation of this trend lies in the change of subsistence strategies from the Palaeolithic to the Neolithic era. The subsistence economy of the Palaeolithic population demanded more movement in comparison to the Neolithic population that lived a more sedentary lifestyle. This trend might be challenged by few bone findings of the Neolithic population from the mountain regions (e.g. Liguria, Italy) whose transverse bone cross section are more of a elliptic shape. Those excavations are mostly situated in the mountain regions with a demanding terrain. The outcomes presented in this study suggest that terrain is one of the factors that affect the...
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Ontogeny of the human bone robusticity
Königová, Viktória ; Sládek, Vladimír (advisor) ; Rmoutilová, Rebeka (referee)
Measures of bone robusticity are used in order to reconstruct habitual activity of past populations. The aim of this bachelor thesis is to summarize the development of bone biomechanical properties and to create an overview of the factors affecting the ontogeny of human bone robusticity. The covered influences include genetics, ecogeographical environment and subsistence strategies. An emphasis is put on the mechanical load as it is considered a key determinant of postcranial robusticity. Additionally, the interplay of these factors and its influence on the adult robusticity is discussed. Key words: bone functional adaptation, habitual activity, ontogeny, robusticity, strain
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Directional asymmetry of upper limb and back muscle activity during bow draw; implications for bioarcheology
Véle, Dominik ; Sládek, Vladimír (advisor) ; Galeta, Patrik (referee)
This theses explores muscle activity during bow draw. The goal of his study is to evaluate whether muscle activity corresponds with increase in mechanical robusticity of the left humerus found in mezolithic osteological material. Muscle activity is measured by the means of surface electromyography. We measure activity of arm and back muscles. Activity was measured on m. deltoideus, m. infraspinatus, m. biceps brachii, m. triceps brachii and m. latissimus dorsi. Muscle activity was measured on 20 male archers, during bow draw of three wooden long-bows. Results of this study support the idea that change in robusticity of the left humerus could be caused by frequent bow use in post-glacial Europe.
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Development of human postcranial skeleton depending on terrain
Turková, Eliška ; Sládek, Vladimír (advisor) ; Hora, Martin (referee)
A human bone is a dynamic structure that changes tissue arrangement according to inner and outer stimuli. The outer stimuli include among others the mechanical, environmental, and climatic ones. The impact of mechanical stimuli on the bones shows already with natural activities such as walking and running through change in the shape of a transverse bone cross section. The changes in the bone cross section can be observed on bone findings of ancient populations. The cross section shape of the long bones of lower extremities changes from the Palaeolithic to Neolithic population in such a way that the circulation of transverse cross-section increases. The explanation of this trend lies in the change of subsistence strategies from the Palaeolithic to the Neolithic era. The subsistence economy of the Palaeolithic population demanded more movement in comparison to the Neolithic population that lived a more sedentary lifestyle. This trend might be challenged by few bone findings of the Neolithic population from the mountain regions (e.g. Liguria, Italy) whose transverse bone cross section are more of a elliptic shape. Those excavations are mostly situated in the mountain regions with a demanding terrain. The outcomes presented in this study suggest that terrain is one of the factors that affect the...
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