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Application possibilities of refractometer for liquids diagnostics
Macháč, Milan ; Kazelle, Jiří (referee) ; Frk, Martin (advisor)
This bachelor thesis focuses on application possibilities of refractometer for liquids diagnostics. The first part of the thesis focuses on the theoretical basics propagation of electromagnetic waves. The next section focuses on the measurement of refractive index, refractometry, a description of each type refractometers and short introduction to interferometry. The penultimate chapter is devoted to an application using a refractometer and what can measure and calculate. The last chapter is a practical part, there is described a calibration process, the measured values of the refractive index of liquids and evaluate the results.
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Use of polarimetry and refractometry for determination of invert sugar concentration in invert syrups
Mrůzková, Karolína ; Šárka,, Evžen (referee) ; Hamtil,, Roman (advisor)
Invert syrup is a liquid sweetener, which is produced by sucrose hydrolysis to form fructose and glucose. Important qualitative parameter of invert syrup is the sucrose inversion – weight percentage of invert sugar (sum of fructose and glucose) in invert syrup dry mass. This diploma thesis presents a possibility of sucrose inversion determination by polarimetry in combination with refractometry in invert syrups of 70–78 % dry mass produced at 80 °C and pH 2,4. New relationship describing the sucrose inversion as a function of polarization and refractometric dry mass was determined. The results of sucrose inversion determined using this new relationship were compared to results obtained by HPLC/RI, which was used as a reference method. The difference between these 2 determination methods was 0,1 ± 0,5 %. The new relationship was detemined with reference to the fact, that under the processing conditions, more glucose than fructose is formed. The fructose : glucose concentration ratio formed under processing conditions was observed to be equal 0,96 ± 0,02.
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Refractometric study of very low density lipoprotein (LDL)
Šinglárová, Simona ; Pacáková, Věra (advisor) ; Staňková, Barbora (referee)
Knowledge of the chemical composition of lipoproteins has a broad meaning. In determining lipoprotein particle size fractions is necessary to preliminary separation by ultracentrifugation in density solutions. Usually the determination is performed by electrophoretic or gel filtration with a suitable detection, which distorts the results. A better solution offers a new detector, called Light Scattering Detector, which detects the bend of laser beam on molecules or particles in solution. To calculate the required particle size dependence on the concentration of the refractive index dn / dc. Concentration is determined gravimetrically and refractive indices by refractometric method. Dependence suits polynomial function. If it correlates with the chemical composition of VLDL lipoprotein can be determined by studying a larger number of samples.
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Use of polarimetry and refractometry for determination of invert sugar concentration in invert syrups
Mrůzková, Karolína ; Šárka,, Evžen (referee) ; Hamtil,, Roman (advisor)
Invert syrup is a liquid sweetener, which is produced by sucrose hydrolysis to form fructose and glucose. Important qualitative parameter of invert syrup is the sucrose inversion – weight percentage of invert sugar (sum of fructose and glucose) in invert syrup dry mass. This diploma thesis presents a possibility of sucrose inversion determination by polarimetry in combination with refractometry in invert syrups of 70–78 % dry mass produced at 80 °C and pH 2,4. New relationship describing the sucrose inversion as a function of polarization and refractometric dry mass was determined. The results of sucrose inversion determined using this new relationship were compared to results obtained by HPLC/RI, which was used as a reference method. The difference between these 2 determination methods was 0,1 ± 0,5 %. The new relationship was detemined with reference to the fact, that under the processing conditions, more glucose than fructose is formed. The fructose : glucose concentration ratio formed under processing conditions was observed to be equal 0,96 ± 0,02.
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Refractometric study of very low density lipoprotein (LDL)
Šinglárová, Simona ; Pacáková, Věra (advisor) ; Staňková, Barbora (referee)
Knowledge of the chemical composition of lipoproteins has a broad meaning. In determining lipoprotein particle size fractions is necessary to preliminary separation by ultracentrifugation in density solutions. Usually the determination is performed by electrophoretic or gel filtration with a suitable detection, which distorts the results. A better solution offers a new detector, called Light Scattering Detector, which detects the bend of laser beam on molecules or particles in solution. To calculate the required particle size dependence on the concentration of the refractive index dn / dc. Concentration is determined gravimetrically and refractive indices by refractometric method. Dependence suits polynomial function. If it correlates with the chemical composition of VLDL lipoprotein can be determined by studying a larger number of samples.
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Refractometric study of low density lipoprotein (LDL)
Pultarová, Kamila ; Tvrzická, Eva (advisor) ; Staňková, Barbora (referee)
Raised concentrations of low density lipoproteins in blood plasma are characteristic for increased risk of cardiovascular diseases. At present, distribution of LDL particle size is the topic of interest; small dense LDL represent the highest risk. The aim of our study was the dependence of refractometric index on particle concentration; this dependence is necessary for size determination by the method of size exclusion chromatography with laser light scattering detection. Lipoproteins LDL were separated by ultracentrifugation and concentration dependences were determined refractometrically. Linear and exponential dependences were the most convenient of all functions tested. Dependence dn/dc is characteristic for each biological sample and should be determined individually.
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Application possibilities of refractometer for liquids diagnostics
Macháč, Milan ; Kazelle, Jiří (referee) ; Frk, Martin (advisor)
This bachelor thesis focuses on application possibilities of refractometer for liquids diagnostics. The first part of the thesis focuses on the theoretical basics propagation of electromagnetic waves. The next section focuses on the measurement of refractive index, refractometry, a description of each type refractometers and short introduction to interferometry. The penultimate chapter is devoted to an application using a refractometer and what can measure and calculate. The last chapter is a practical part, there is described a calibration process, the measured values of the refractive index of liquids and evaluate the results.
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Precision displacement interferometry with stabilization of wavelength on air
Lazar, Josef ; Holá, Miroslava ; Hrabina, Jan ; Buchta, Zdeněk ; Číp, Ondřej
We present an interferometric technique based on differential interferometry setup for measurement in the subnanometer scale in atmospheric conditions. The motivation for development of this ultraprecise technique is coming from the field of nanometrology. The key limiting factor in any optical measurement are fluctuations of the refractive index of air representing a source of uncertainty on the 10'6 level when evaluated indirectly from the physical parameters of the atmosphere. Our proposal is based on the concept of overdetermined interferometric setup where a reference length is derived from a mechanical frame made from a material with very low thermal coefficient on the 1 O'8 level. The technique allows to track the variations of the refractive index of air on-line directly in the line of the measuring beam and to compensate for the fluctuations. The optical setup consists of three interferometers sharing the same beam path where two measure differentially the displacement while the third represents a reference for stabilization of the wavelength of the laser source. The principle is demonstrated on an experimental setup and a set of measurements describing the performance is presented.
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Displacement Interferometry in Passive Fabry-Perot Cavity
Lazar, Josef ; Číp, Ondřej ; Oulehla, Jindřich ; Pokorný, Pavel ; Fejfar, Antonín ; Stuchlík, Jiří
We present techniques oriented to improvement of precision in incremental interferometric measurements of displacements over a limited range where the atmospheric wavelength of the coherent laser source is either directly stabilized to a mechanical reference or is corrected to fit to the reference. This may represent a reduction of uncertainty linking the laser wavelength not to indirectly evaluated refractive index but to the setup mechanics which cannot be completely eliminated. Here we suggest an approach where the traditional interferometers are replaced by a passive Fabry-Perot cavity with position sensing using an intracavity transparent photodetector.
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