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Protection of Citizens before and during the Nuclear Accidents
Červinka, Petr ; Hradil, Jaroslav (referee) ; Mika, Otakar Jiří (advisor)
This work is concerned with protection of citizens before and during the nuclear accidents. There is described what threat is nuclear accident in first part of this work. Next are noted sources of risk and classification of accidents in nuclear plants. There is mentioned legislature of Czech Republic in this area and principles of protection of citizens. Part of this work is a short study of Chernobyl accident and a concept of pocket guide for citizens.
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Meaning of National Radiation Monitoring Network
Tesař, Jakub ; Kaufmanová, Marie (referee) ; Havránková, Barbora (advisor)
This Bachelor's thesis makes sense self-contained overview of National Radiation Monitoring Network. It explains meaning of Radiation Monitoring Network. Otherwise there is written about monitoring in case of normal radiation situation and emergency radiation situation. Conclusion is rendering of meaning Radiation Monitoring Network in case radiation incident, radiation accident or radiological emergency.
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Provision of interim and substitute accommodation of citizens evacuated from zone of emergency planning of nuclear power plant Dukovany
Balharová, Gabriela ; Menšík, Miroslav (referee) ; Kremlička, Antonín (advisor)
The bachelor´s thesis is focused on Provision of interim and substitute accommodation of citizens evacuated from zone of emergency planning of nuclear power plant Dukovany. The introduction deals with crisis situation and general characteristics of nuclear power plant Dukovany. Description of radiation accident, related risks and how can we protect before its occurrence follow. The next part of my bachelor´s thesis deals with the external emergency plan of nuclear power plant Dukovany, the evacuation of the citizens and their substitute and long-term accommodation. I concentrated on the problem: „What could be done with evacuated citizens, how should they be cared for? “ What are responsibilities of mayors of the receiving and evacuated communities got. Of course, also legislative provisions are discussed too. The last chapter is devoted to my proposal, how can be issues related to the resettlement of the citizens solved. At the end I summarize knowledge I have received during my investigation.
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Character of nuclear energy in European Union - history and present
Koryčanský, Roman ; Šen, Hugo (referee) ; Martinec, Jiří (advisor)
The thesis deals with the development and current status of nuclear energy in Europe. The first part focuses on the legislative background in the EU – The Euratom treaty. Next, the thesis describes the history of European companies that are engaged in nuclear energy, in particular the French company AREVA. The largest part of the thesis deals with the relationship of nuclear energy and public opinion, and focuses on the status of nuclear energy in selected countries and the attitudes of environmental organizations. This section also includes a description of the history of the most serious accidents. The conclusion focuses on the economic aspects of nuclear energy and its future.
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Strategy of population reallocation after radioactive accident in the Czech Republic, problematics of evacuation, basis, intention, resources, responsibilities
BINKOVÁ, Kristýna
This thesis deals with the issue of evacuation and relocation of the population after a radiation accident in the Czech Republic and it also puts a name to key issues that may occur for a citizen living in the emergency zone. The dissertation is divided into two parts, first of which is theoretical and second is practical. The theoretical part of the diploma thesis is fractionated into several chapters and subchapters. Thesis deals with actual legislation of radiation protection and nuclear safety. Nuclear power plants located in the Czech Republic are also presented here. Furthermore, this section explains the basic terms such as radiation extraordinary mishap, radiation incident and phases of radiation accident which helps perceive the matter of the topic. The theoretical part mentions radiation incidents and accidents that occurred in the world. The thesis describes course of actions for managing radiation emergencies. It also explicates terms such as emergency planning, internal and external emergency plan and national radiation emergency plan. Thesis gives insight into the radiation accidents from the past. The theoretical part also concerns about the Dukovany nuclear power plant. And it analyzes what is the emergency planning zone, emergency plans, emergency staff and the most important procedures during a radiation accident. Warning and informing the population together with evacuation and possible additional relocation are explained. The part of this work are also experiences that we gained from the radiation accident at nuclear power plant in Fukushima. In the practical part, research was done with use of questionnaire method. The questionnaire was created for residents living in the vicinity to emergency planning zone of Dukovany nuclear power plant. The goal was to find out what key questions and problems may arise during the evacuation of those citizens. The survey was elaborated into graphs and collected pieces of information were interpreted and closely described in the discussion.
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Vertikální migrace Cs-137 v půdním profilu do hloubky 1m
NOVÁČKOVÁ, Jana
From the point of view of long-term environmental contamination, cesium-137 is the most important element because it is absorbed into the human body, but also into the root system of plants, mosses, fungi, wild berries and wild game meat. Above all, however, it remains in different layers of the soil. Several main factors affect the distribution of radionuclides in the soil, namely rainfall, water entry into the soil, diffusion, migration through root systems, human, animal activity, etc. Monitoring its occurrence in the environment is important and involves the interference of cesium-137 with potassium. It in absorbed in the human body (about 80%) and excreted in the urine. It remains most in soft tissues and its biological half-life is 110 days. We are exposed to ionizing radiation from natural sources and human activities. Human activity causes artificial radioactivity, which is relatively small, compared to natural radioactivity, but the impact on human health can be huge. The first part of the bachelor thesis relates to the issue with the use of theoretical and scientific information, standards, law. The next part includes the methodology and results of practical measurement of soil samples. The aim was to find out which layer of soil deposits the most radioactive cesium, because it is assumed that it is still a part of it. Soil samples were taken in the protected landscape area of Šumava, in the 2nd zone of the National Park, in the Železnorudsko area, locality Nová Hůrka (Kuchyně). The site choice presented the distribution of radioactive fallout in our territory. Soil samples were take in 1 cm increments to a depth of 1 m, dried, cleaned and prepared for measurement. The samples taken were measured in the standard way at the Regional Center of the State Office for Nuclear Safety (SÚJB) in České Budějovice. The spectra obtained by measurement were evaluated using GAMWIN software. In the practical part, soil layers with a thickness of 1 cm to a depth of 1 m were taken and after their processing and preparation for measurement, the activity of cesium-137 in soil samples was measured by semiconductor gamma spectrometry. The measured results were compared with the results of previous soil samples and they were evaluated and interpreted in the bachelor's thesis. The results of the measurements showed the depth to which the maximum of cesium-137, which comes from nuclear weapons testing, and especially from the radiation accident at Chernobyl, is currently located. The aim of the work was to find out what is the depth distribution of cesium-137 in uncultivated soils and whether its migration through the soil profile is still ongoing and to confirm or refute the hypothesis of what maximum amount still occurs in the range of plant root system.
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Úkoly a činnosti Zdravotnické záchranné služby Jihočeského kraje při evakuaci osob ze zóny havarijního plánování Jaderné elektrárny Temelín
KADEŘÁBEK, Petr
The thesis describes Medical Rescue Service of South Bohemia Region as the provider of pre-hospital urgent care in the zone of emergency planning of Nuclear Power Plant Temelín. In case radiation emergency arises, its main urgent target is to save as many affected people as possible and to limit the effects on their physical disabilities. Medical intervention by the Medical Rescue Service of South Bohemia Region crews is provided to people with serious health problems or in immediate life danger who participate in rescue and emergency work directly in the epicentre of the radiation emergency of Nuclear Power Plant Temelín. It also provides pre-hospital urgent care to the inhabitants who have already been evacuated right in the zone of emergency planning, on the evacuation routes, on the decontamination points and based on the emergency call also in the receiving centre or emergency accommodation points. The main aim of the thesis is to identify and clarify basic principles of tasks completion and workload of outgoing Medical Rescue Service of South Bohemia Region crews in case of an emergency event occurrence - the radiation emergency at Nuclear Power Plant Temelín. The theoretical part describes the status of the Medical Rescue Service of South Bohemia Region within the Integrated Rescue System in the case of radiation emergency. Attention is also paid to material and technical equipment aimed at personal protection during the intervention in the contaminated environment. Content analysis of key executive documentation and legal regulations research have been made in this part whose synthesis leads to a comprehensive professional text predicting the procedure of urgent medical intervention made by the medical rescue service in the zone of emergency planning. The practical part includes the network analysis of transportation availability of individual decontamination points by the medical rescue service vehicles. Based on the findings, the index of alert has been calculated that reflects the quality and availability of pre-hospital urgent care to the evacuated inhabitants in the decontamination point as the key point of evacuation from the zone of emergency planning. The results proved readiness of the Medical Rescue Service of South Bohemia Region in the decontamination points to tasks completion and workload of medical provision of evacuation from the zone of emergency planning of Nuclear Power Plant Temelín. The thesis has become a concentrated overview as well as operating material for the paramedics working at Medical Rescue Service of South Bohemia Region who could deal with the uneasy task of intervention in the zone of emergency planning of Nuclear Power Plant Temelín. It also reflects the need of preparing a unitary documentation describing the procedure in radiation emergency.
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The principles of family readiness for evacuation from EPZ of nuclear power plant
MENČÍKOVÁ, Lucie
This thesis examines the level of knowledge of families living in the emergency plan-ning zone of Nuclear power plant Temelín. It focuses mainly on the knowledge of eva-cuation baggage contents, evacuation routes, organs that organize this measure and other important information, which are found in particular in the Manual for the pro-tection of population in the radiation accident of the Nuclear power plant Temelín. The theoretical part is based on the analysis of current problematics. The first part is focused on the principle of the operation of the nuclear power plant and its security, which is emphasized. Further it deals with the topic of radiological emergency and consequently the effect of ionizing radiation on the organism. The next chapter is devoted to the issue of issue of protective measures that could be announced during the radiation accident of the nuclear power plant. In the last section of the theoretical part, the work focuses on the topic of emergency plans, as these are necessary to establish rules that would require the authorities and residents to follow if necessary. In connection with these topics, the legal framework dealing with the issue is mentioned. The practical part verifies the level of awareness of families living in the emergency planning zone of a nuclear power plant on how to proceed with the evacuation. For this purpose, a quantitative questionnaire survey was used and a hypothesis was established claiming that at least 50% of the respondents did not have sufficient knowledge of how to proceed during the evacuation from EPZ of nuclear power plant. The methodology for statistical processing was set out. After evaluating the obtained data, the answers to individual questions were compiled graphically. Furthermore, the thesis deals in detail with individual questions. The established hypothesis is confirmed by evaluating the results using descriptive statistics methods. In the discussion, the questions that have been identified and the findings are discussed. Furthermore, there are suggested ways to improve population awareness of the issue,
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Formalisms of quantum and relativistic physics in exploring the causes of emergencies
JANOŠÍKOVÁ, Martina
Currently emergencies coming from different reasons and are caused by various factors. In my diploma thesis is focusing on the causes of emergencies coming from quantum and relativistic physics. Among such emergencies are the ligting and the radiation accident. Lightning causes fires in the landscape and its light identification can be explained by the quantum mechanics of the photon, the wave-particle duality of the photon. In the case of a radiation accident occur radioactivity and ionizing radiation. This leakage can be described using the special theory of theory of relativity. On the basis of this informationwas created an educational text that was adapted to the capabilities of students of Civil crisis preparedness.
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Awareness on issues of protection of the population, depending on the emergency planning zone.
KOCOUREK, Filip
The goal of this bachelor thesis was to evaluate pupils and students knowledge of the recommended behaviour in case of emergency with extra emphasis on radiation accidents. The research compares the differences in knowledge of young people depending on Temelín Nuclear Power Plant's emergency planning zone. The research used questionnaires which were filled by pupils and students of elementary schools, vocational schools, and grammar schools within and outside of the emergency planning zone. The schools were randomly selected using Microsoft Excel. The theoretical part focuses on contemporary state of knowledge in the field and includes foreign textbooks (from Germany, Bulgaria, USA, Canada and France). These textbooks can be found in thesis attachment.This part also introduces Temelín Nuclear Power Plant, its characteristics, geography and demography. It also describes principles of emergency preparedness, related legislation and protective equipment. The second part of the thesis is based on research. The researcher created a unique questionnaire which contained 32 closed questions divided into eight thematic parts. These parts focused on general aspects of awareness, warnings, evacuation, sheltering, iodine prophylaxis, improvised protection, contamination and decontamination. The questionnaire used Paper and Pen Interviewing method. There was total of 213 respondents, 121 (57 %) of them were women and 92 (43 %) men. The results were processed and evaluated using Microsoft Excel. The first goal of the thesis was to "Evaluate pupils and students knowledge of the recommended behaviour in case of emergency with extra emphasis on radiation accidents". In order to achieve this goal, hypothesis nr. 1 was formulated: "The pupils' and students' knowledge of the recommended behaviour in case of emergency with extra emphasis on radiation accidents does not reach 75 % success rate". The executed survey shows that the pupils and students reached 56 % success rate which is below established 75 % rate of the hypothesis. Hypothesis was therefore confirmed. The second goal of the thesis was to "Assess any possible differences of knowledge between pupils and students living within Temelín Nuclear Power Plant's zone of emergency planning and outside of it". For this goal, second hypothesis was formulated: "The knowledge is not dependable on the zone of emergency planning". To test this hypothesis Pearson's chi-squared test was used. The statistics proved that there is no difference in pupils and students knowledge that would be dependable on the zone of emergency planning.
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